Escherichia coli biosynthesis

Tuve, T. and Williams, H.H. 1961. Metabolism of selenium by Escherichia coli biosynthesis of selenomethionine. J. Biol. Chem. 236, 597-601. 

In 1973, the first naturally occurring isobacteriochlorin, iron-containing siroheme, was isolated1 from a sulfite reductase of Escherichia coli. Later it was also discovered in sulfite and nitrite reductases of numerous bacteria and plants.2 Iron-free sirohydrochlorins (also called factor II) were discovered in vitamin B12 producing bacteria.3-4 Together with factor III. a sirohydrochlorin methylated in the 20-position, the reduced forms of factor II and factor III were identified as biosynthetic intermediates in the biosynthesis of vitamin B12.5... 

Escherichia coli Adenine and adenosine are inhibitory74 and the synthesis of thiamine can be derepressed by culture in their presence.13,75 adth- Mutants are known.76 [l4C]Formate incorporates at C-2 of pyramine without dilution of molar activity. Glycine labeled with stable isotopes was fed to E. coli and the pyramine was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The two carbon atoms of glycine separated during the biosynthesis. The carboxyl was found12 at C-4, and the C-N fragment was the precursor of C-6-N-1. In conclusion, it is beyond doubt that pyramine synthesis follows the AIR pathway in E. coli. 

KAJIWARA S, KAKIZONO T, SAITO T, KONDO K, OHTANI T, NISHIO N, NAGAI S and MISAWA N (1995) Isolation and functional identification of a novel cDNA for astaxanthin biosynthesis from Haematococcus pluvialis, and astaxanthin synthesis in Escherichia coli . Plant Mol Biol, 29, 343-52. 

KAJIWARA s, FRASER p D, KONDO K and MISAWA N (1997) Expressiou of an exogenous isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene enhances isoprenoid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli Biochem J, 324, 421-6. 

Sprenger, G.A. et al.. Identification of a thiamin-dependent synthase in Escherichia coli required for the formation of the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate precursor to isoprenoids, thiamin, and pyridoxol, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 94, 12857, 1997. Lange, B.M. et al., A family of transketolases that directs isoprenoid biosynthesis via a mevalonate-independent pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 95, 2100, 1998. Lois, L.M. et al., Cloning and characterization of a gene from Escherichia coli encoding a transketolase-like enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of D-1- deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate, a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 2105, 1998. 

Cunningham, F.X. Jr. et ah. Cloning and functional expression in Escherichia coli of a cyanobacterial gene for lycopene cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of beta-carotene, FEBS Lett. 328, 130, 1993. 

Lee, PC. et al., Biosynthesis of structurally novel carotenoids in Escherichia coli, Chem. Biol. 10, 453, 2003. 

Harker, M. and Bramley, P.M., Expression of prokaryotic l-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphatases in Escherichia coli increases carotenoid and ubiquinone biosynthesis, EBBS Lett. 448, 115, 1999. 

Ensley BD, BJ Ratzken, TD Osslund, Ml Simon, LP Wackett, DT Gibson (1983) Expression of naphthalene oxidation genes in Escherichia coli results in the biosynthesis of indigo. Science 222 167-169. 

Watts, K. T., R C. Lee et al. (2006). Biosynthesis of plant-specific stilbene polyketides in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. BMC Biotechnol. 6 22. 

Rohdich, F., Wungsintaweekul, J., Fellermeier, M. et al. (1999) Cytidine 5 -triphosphate-dependent biosynthesis of isoprenoids YgbP protein of Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of 4-diphosphocy-tidyl-2-C-methylerythritol. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 11758-11763. 

Huang, Q., Roessner, C.A., Croteau, R. and Scott, A.I. (2001) Engineering Escherichia coli for the synthesis of taxadiene, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of Taxol. Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, 9, 2237-2242. 

LUTTGEN, H ROHDICH, F., HERZ, S., WUNGSINTAWEEKUL, J., HECHT, S., SCHUHR, C.A., FELLERMEIER, M., SAGNER, S., ZENK, M.H., BACHER, A., EISENREICH, W., Biosynthesis of terpenoids ychB protein of Escherichia coli phosphorylates the 2-hydroxy group of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000,97,1062-1067. 

Whereas Escherichia coli O 111 B4 contains only one, cytoplasmi-cally located, CMP-KDO synthetase activity, E. coli LP 1092 appears to contain two, chromatographically distinct, CMP-KDO synthetase activities. One of these is chromatographically similar to the enzyme from E. coli O 111 B4, whereas the other can be eluted from DEAE-cellulose at significantly lower salt concentration.85 The function, if any, of the additional CMP-KDO-synthetase activity is unknown. It has been suggested85 that the enzyme plays a role in the biosynthesis of the KDO-containing exopolysaccharide from E. coli LP 1092. 

C. R. H. Raetz, in C. Neidhardt, J. 1. Ingraham, K. Brooks Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (Eds.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium Cellular and Molecular Biology Structure and Biosynthesis of Lipid A, p. 498. American Society of Microbiologists, Washington DC, 1987. 

Fig. 6. The metabolic pathway for lysine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, which contains a missing enzyme that is not found in the genome.

K. V. Investigation of the early steps of molybdopterin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli through the use of in vivo labelling studies, J. Biol. Chem. 

K V. Mechanistic and mutational studies of Escherichia coli molybdopterin synthase clarify the final step of molybdopterin biosynthesis,... 

Xi, J., Ge, Y., Kinsland, C., McLaeeerty, F. W., and Begley, T. P. Biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamin in Escherichia coli identification of an acyldisulfide-linked protein-protein conjugate that is fimctionally analogous to the ubiquitin/El complex, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98, 8513-8518. 

Hydrogenase isoenzymes are also common among the metabolically more versatile bacteria (see Chapter 2). For instance, H2 metabolism and isoenzyme composition in enteric bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, appear to be differentially regulated under the two modes of anaerobic life, fermentation and anaerobic respiration (Table 3.1). Furthermore, biosynthesis of the individual isoenzymes appears to be controlled at a global level by the quality of the carbon source. 

Kambampati R, Lauhon CT. 2000. Evidence for the transfer of sulfane snlfnr from IscS to Thil during the in vitro biosynthesis of 4-thiouridine in Escherichia coli tRNA. J Biol Chem 275 10727-30. 

Watanabe K, Hotta K, Praseuth AP, Koketsu K, Migita A, Boddy CN, Wang CC, Oguri H, Oikawa H. (2006) Total biosynthesis of antitumor nonriboso-mal peptides in Escherichia coli. Nature ChemBiol 2 423 28. 

A simplified representation of peptide biosynthesis, as characterized in the hacterium Escherichia coli, is discussed in Section 14.2.6. The major aspect to be considered here relates to the bond forming processes involved in linking the amino acids. 

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