Equipment digital images

In today s industry, digital cameras have replaced most video systems. All information about the illumination system, data processing equipment and image output system given in Section 7.3 also apply here. Only the current software determines how to achieve a qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of chromatograms. For the topic Digital Camera see Documentation , Section 8.5. 

First, two-dimensional gels must be digitized. In most cases, this is achieved by the use of a laser densitometer, a CCD camera or a phosphor imager [32]. These pieces of equipment produce images of typically around 2000 x 2000 pixels or more, and a depth of 12 or 16 bits, thus providing a dynamic range of 4096, respectively 65 536 grey levels. 

The position of the probe bead is commonly determined by video microscopy and digital image processing. The x- and,y- positions can be determined from fits of the bead image with a resolution of wlO nm [366]. Higher resolution in bead position in all directions can be achieved if the magnetic tweezers are equipped with a laser illumination allowing back-focal plane interferometry [367, 368]. 

The fracture surface was characterized by a Hitachi S-4100 field emission SEM equipped with 4pi digital image acquisition system and NIH image software. One of each ESCR test bars was selected from the several sample replicates submitted. The test bar was cut in half and... 

---