Equilibria static equilibrium

Although a system at equilibrium appears static on a macroscopic level, it is important to remember that the forward and reverse reactions still occur. A reaction at equilibrium exists in a steady state, in which the rate at which any species forms equals the rate at which it is consumed. 

J. Wittmer, A. Milchev, M. Cates. Dynamical Monte Carlo study of equilibrium polymers Static properties. J Chem Phys 709 834-845, 1998. 

Ayuttaya, P.C.N., Rogers, T.N., Muhins, M.E., Kline, A.A. (2001) Henry s law constants derived from equilibrium static cell measurements for dilute organic-water mixtures. Fluid Phase Equil. 185, 359-377. 

As in consideration of deflagration phenomena, other parameters are of import in detonation research. These parameters—detonation limits, initiation energy, critical tube diameter, quenching diameter, and thickness of the supporting reaction zone—require a knowledge of the wave structure and hence of chemical reaction rates. Lee [6] refers to these parameters as dynamic to distinguish them from the equilibrium static detonation states, which permit the calculation of the detonation velocity by C-J theory. 

This study does not support Ekins ambient analyte model in that under flow conditions the rate of analyte capture is not increased as the spot size is decreased. However, as the authors point out, this study is not necessarily a contradiction because Ekins assumptions are based upon achieving equilibrium under static conditions in which diffusion is more likely an important limiting factor in influencing the binding rate. On a more operational note, Sapsford et al. also observed the problem in collecting sufficient signal from a very small spot relative to background noise. 

The significance of these equal and opposite current densities is easy to comprehend. They represent the kinetic side of equilibrium. Equilibrium is not a static business, as it often seems to be from thermodynamics. It is better to regard it as a two-way traffic of ions and electrons across the interface. The word exchange is used quite aptly here—there is an exchange of ions between electrode and solution, and at the equilibrium potential the rate of exchange in each direction is equal in magnitude though opposite in direction. 

Having obtained two simultaneous equations for the singlet and doublet correlation functions, X and, these have to be solved. Furthermore, Kapral has pointed out that these correlations do not contain any spatial dependence at equilibrium because the direct and indirect correlations of position in an equilibrium fluid (static structures) have not been included into the psuedo-Liouville collision operators, T, [285]. Ignoring this point, Kapral then transformed the equation for the singlet density, by means of a Laplace transformation, which removes the time derivative from the equation. Using z as the Laplace transform parameter to avoid confusion with S as the solvent index, gives... 

The salt solutions should be allowed to stand for a few days at the desired temperature before use. Several days, weeks, or even months may be required to establish equilibrium under static air conditions. Equilibrium can be enhanced with proper modification in the apparatus as discussed above. 

In the general case it is difficult to predict quantitatively the liquid carry-away with a foam. As mentioned in Chapter 5, analytical equations, describing the liquid distribution along the height of the foam column, have been derived only for a foam that is at hydrostatic equilibrium [57-59], Calculation of the liquid content in a non-equilibrium static foam, performed on the basis of the drainage model of Desai and Kumar [60], are given in [61]. 

We shall consider, in detail, studies of MgO lattice properties using the potential-induced breathing model and three complementary band-theoretical studies of electron distribution. Early studies using the modified electron-gas method (Cohen and Gordon, 1976) gave reasonably good agreement with experiment for equilibrium static lattice properties and... 

Ber. 16, 2476 (1883) vapor-liquid equilibrium static method. VLE data ebulliometry ... 

C, single equilibrium static technique SEST, Sheikheldin et al. 2001)... 

Speaking of polymer chain flexibility we mean the properties of an isolated single molecule exhibited in a dilute polymer solution. Under these conditions, two concepts of flexibflity (and, hence, of rigidity) of chain molecules may be distinguished equilibrium (static) flexibility and kinetic flexibility. 

This discussion demonstrates that, in contrast to the equilibrium (static) rigidity, the concept of the kinetic rigidity of a chain molecule is not universal. The kinetic flexibility of the chain depends on the character of the process in which this flexibility is manifested. 

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