Epoxy costabilizers

Common epoxy costabilizers are based on epoxidized soya bean oil and tall oil fatty acids or oleic acid. 

Cost bilizers. In most cases the alkyl tin stabilizets ate particularly efficient heat stabilizers for PVC without the addition of costabilizers. Many of the traditional coadditives, such as antioxidants, epoxy compounds, and phosphites, used with the mixed metal stabilizer systems, afford only minimal benefits when used with the alkyl tin mercaptides. Mercaptans are quite effective costabilizets for some of the alkyl tin mercaptides, particularly those based on mercaptoethyl ester technology (23). Combinations of mercaptan and alkyl tin mercaptide ate currendy the most efficient stabilizers for PVC extmsion processes. The level of tin metal in the stabilizer composition can be reduced by up to 50% while maintaining equivalent performance. Figure 2 shows the two-roU mill performance of some methyl tin stabilizers in a PVC pipe formulation as a function of the tin content and the mercaptide groups at 200°C. 

The basic metal salts and soaps tend to be less cosdy than the alkyl tin stabilizers for example, in the United States, the market price in 1993 for calcium stearate was about 1.30— 1.60, zinc stearate was 1.70— 2.00, and barium stearate was 2.40— 2.80/kg. Not all of the coadditives are necessary in every PVC compound. Typically, commercial mixed metal stabilizers contain most of the necessary coadditives and usually an epoxy compound and a phosphite are the only additional products that may be added by the processor. The requited costabilizers, however, significantly add to the stabilization costs. Typical phosphites, used in most flexible PVC formulations, are sold for 4.00— 7.50/kg. Typical antioxidants are bisphenol A, selling at 2.00/kg Nnonylphenol at 1.25/kg and BHT at 3.50/kg, respectively. Pricing for ESO is about 2.00— 2.50/kg. Polyols, such as pentaerythritol, used with the barium—cadmium systems, sells at 2.00, whereas the derivative dipentaerythritol costs over three times as much. The P-diketones and specialized dihydropyridines, which are powerful costabilizers for calcium—zinc and barium—zinc systems, are very cosdy. These additives are 10.00 and 20.00/kg, respectively, contributing significantly to the overall stabilizer costs. Hydrotalcites are sold for about 5.00— 7.00/kg. 

Many stabilizers require costabilizers. Several organic costabilizers are quite useful with barium—zinc and calcium—zinc stabilizers, eg, P-diketones, epoxies, organophosphites, hindered phenols, and polyols (122). 

Costabilizers. The variety of known costabilizers for the mixed metal stabilizers is a very long listing. There are, however, a relatively small number of commercially used costabilizers. Some of these additives can also be added by the PVC compounder or processor in addition to the stabilizer package to further enhance the desired performance characteristics. The epoxy compounds and phenolic antioxidants are among the most commonly used... 

The most important costabilizers in PVC formulations used mainly in combination with mixed metal salts are alkyl-aryl-phosphites to improve early color. Epoxy compounds, for example, epoxidized fatty esters such as epoxidized soy bean oil, react directly with HCl or substitute labile chlorine atoms, for example, in the presence of zinc ions. Furthermore, the epoxidized fatty esters act as plasticizers. Polyols such as pentaerythritol or dipentaerythritol and P-diketones act as complexing agents and deactivate the negative effect of the formed zinc chloride. Hydrotalcites... 

Chem. Descrip. Triphenyl phosphite CAS 101-02-0 EINECS/ELINCS 202-908-4 Uses Costabilizer for PVC and other polymers such as PP vise, modifier, reactive diluent for a variety of resin systems, esp. epoxies antioxidant for syn. rubbers, butyrates flame retardant for PU foams in transesterification reactions lubricant oil additive chem. intermediate for prod, of other phosphite esters and phosphonates Features Improves adhesion, elec, props., dimensional stability Properties Colorless mobile liq. 10% P Albrite Tributyl Phosphate [Huntsman Surf. Sciences]... 

Uses Surfactant, dispersant, wetting agent, compatibility aid, color enhancer in high-solids coatings (alkyds, epoxies, UV and EB-cured coatings) emulsifier for emulsion polymerization, o/w emulsions costabilizer to inc. mech. or salt stability of polymer disps. 

Chem. Descrip. 2-Flydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone CAS 1843-05-6 EINECS/ELINCS 217-421-2 Uses Lt. stabilizer, UV absorber for polymers incl. acetals, acrylics, ABS, alkyds, cellulosics, epoxies, PC, thermoplastic and thermoset polyester, polyethylene, PP, PS, SAN, and surface coatings UV absorber for PVC flexible and semirigid applies, such as automotive body side molding, automotive surface coatings costabilizer for polyethylene film in agric. or greenhouse applies. 

Costabilizers. In most cases the alkyltin stabilizers are particularly efficient heat stabilizers for PVC without the addition of costabilizers. Many of the traditional coadditives, such as antioxidants, epoxy compounds, and phosphites, used with the mixed metal stabilizer systems, afford only minimal benefits when used with the alkyltin mercaptides. Mercaptans are quite effective costabilizers... 

The first step reaction example involves the preparation of water-based epoxy resins via ring-opening polymerizations of different epoxides with various diamines, dithiols or diols residing in the miniemulsion droplets at 60°C [75]. The basic requirement for successful miniemulsion polymerization is that both reactive components exhibit relatively low solubility in the continuous aqueous phase. The diepoxide Epikote E828, triepoxide Decanol EX-314, and tetraepoxide EX-411 are potential candidates for this purpose. Furthermore, incorporation of conventional costabilizers such as hexadecane into the... 

Typical thermal stabilizers for PVC are organic metal salts and soaps, phosphite, esters, and epoxy compounds. Examples are barium/zinc carboxylates [46], barium/cadmium carboxy-lates [47], calcium/zinc stearate [48], lead stearate [49],organotinmercaptides[50],organotin sulfides, organotin carboxylates[51], among others. Costabilizers such as 1,3-diketones, dihydropyridines, epoxy plasticizers, P-ketocarboxylic acid esters, phenolic antioxidants, a-phenylindols, and phosphates are used to improve the stabilizer s elfectiveness. 

Epoxy additives are used as combination plasticizers and costabilizers. They are formed by oxidation of an olefinic double bond to an oxirane structure by a... 

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