Ephedra intermedia

Phenylalanine-derived Ephedraceae Ephedra intermedia Ephedrine... 

Read and Feng (113) examined three or four species of Ephedra growing in northern India Ephedra intermedia Schrenk and C. A. Mey,... 

AEpilobium hirsutum L. Photos Dmitri Oreshkin T Ephedra intermedia Schrenk C.A. Mey. Photos John B. Taft... 

A wide variation exists in alkaloid content among different species of Ephedra in different parts of the world, with the highest total alkaloid content of 2.5 % in Ephedra equisetina. In fact, the yield of ephedrine in the extract of different species of Ephedra varies from 55 % to 83 % [10,13]. Cui and colleagues reported that the highest amount of ephedrine among different species analyzed was in Ephedra monosperma Gmel. Ex Mey (1.401 %), while the highest amount of pseudoephed-rine was in Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex (0.912 %) [5] (Table 27.1). 

Ephedra is the dried herbaceous stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schnenk et C.A. Mey. or Ephedra equisetina Bge. (Fam. Ephedraceae). 

Source Chinese ephedra Ephedra sinica Stapf. Intermediate ephedra Ephedra intermedia Shrenk et C. A. Mey. Mongolian ephedra Ephedra equisetina Bge. Other Ephedra spp. (Family Ephedraceae). 

Owing to the disturbed state of China in recent years, supplies of Ephedra from that quarter have diminished and for some time were replaced by a drug of Spanish origin and later, as Spain also became involved in civil war, by supplies from India, where attentidn has been given to the five indigenous species E. intermedia Schrenk and Mayer, E. gerardiana Wall, E. nebrodensis Tineo, E. pachyclada Boiss. and E. foliata Boiss., of which the first three are of commercial importance. ... 

The world war made all these sources of supply difficult of access and stimulated interest in the possibilities of local production. Examination of a number of American species of ephedra had already shown them to be devoid of alkaloids, except for the S. American species E. andina, in which Chavezt found ephedrine, and in the United States attention has been given to the experimental cultivation of imported species, notably E. sinica and E. gerardiana a Moroccan type, E. alenda, was found to contain only ). In Australia experimental cultivation of the Indian species E. gerardiana, E. intermedia and E. nebrodensis has been tried and preliminary yields of 1-35, 1-OS and 0-98 per cent, of total alkaloids respectively have been recorded. In Russia, E. equisetina and E. intermedia are available and are considered to be worth exploitation. In Italy various local species have been found to contain mainly i -ephedrine and that in small amount, but better results are recorded for two species already referred to and which are available in Sardinia, viz. E. vulgaris Rich and E. nebrodensis. ... 

China Ephedra distachya L. E. equisetina Bunge. E. intermedia Schrenk ex Mey. E. monosperma Gmel. ex Mey. E. sinica Stapf. 1-ephedrine, 1-methylephedrine, 1-norephedrine, methylephedrine, d-pseudoephedrinem, d-N-methylpseudoephedrine.30,31 33 This herb is toxic. Treat asthma, sympathomimetic action, relieve headache, body ache, and coughing, lower fever by increasing perspiration. 

Ephedra distachya L., E. intermedia Schrenk ex Mey., E. sinica Stapf., E. monosperma Gmel. ex. Mey., E. equisetina Bunge. 

Ephedra distachya, E. equisetina, E intermedia, E. monosperma, E. sinica Sophora flavescens, S. alopecurosides Agastache rugosa, A. rugosa f. hypoleuca... 

E. intermedia collected in one area and in E. gerardiana. Specimens of E. intermedia collected in other areas contained N-methylephedrine in addition, as did E. gerardiana var. sikkimensis, E. nebrodensis var. procera, an unidentified Ephedra sp., and various commercial samples of the drug Ma-Huang. The cactus Opuntia clavata has been shown to contain iV-methyltyramine. Whereas no alkaloids could be detected in a number of Thelocactus spp., seven cacti of the genus Gymnocactus were found to contain various amounts of N-methyl- -phenethylamine, in some cases accompanied by hordenine and iV-methyltyramine. ... 

Black and Kelley (134) and Peronnet and Chatin (135) reported on the occurrence of ephedrine and -ephedrine in the North-African Ephedra alata Decnc. Massagetov (136) reported on two Russian species, E. equisetina and E. intermedia, as practical sources of ephedrine. 

Ephedrine (l/ -25-2-methylamino-l-phenylpropan-l-ol) is an adrenergic amine present in many kinds of pharmaceutical preparations, obtained by synthesis or from natural sources. Belonging to the genus Ephedra (Ephedraceae), the Chinese species Ephedra sinica and Ephedra equisetina, also known as ma huang, and the Indian and Pakistani species E. gerardiana, E. intermedia, and E. major are the... 

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