Enzymes history

On enzymatic activity in organic solvents as a function of enzyme history, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 57, 746-750. 

These results are compatible with an evolutionary history in which the new enzyme activity of mandelate racemase has evolved from a preexisting enzyme that catalyzes the basic chemical reaction of proton abstraction and formation of an intermediate. Subsequent mutations have modified the... 

Thiazide diuretics have a venerable history as antihypertensive agents until the advent of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors this class of drugs completely dominated first line therapy for hypertension. The size of thi.s market led until surprisingly recently to the syntheses of new sulfonamides related to the thiazides. Preparation of one of the last of these compounds starts by exhaustive reduction of the Diels-Alder adduct from cyclopentadiene and malei-mide (207). Nitrosation of the product (208), followed by reduction of the nitroso group of 209,... 

In this chapter, by using the examples of -lactams we have briefly examined how microbial cultures may be used to produce sufficient antibiotics to meet market demands. We have also explained how enzymes (or cells) may be used to biotransform, and thereby diversify, antibiotics. By outlining the history of penicillin production, we explained how analysis and manipulation of culture regimes may be used to enhance the yields of antibiotics (and other secondary products). These studies led to die concept of directed biosynthesis by precursor feeding. 

To control risk factors and prevent major adverse cardiac events, statin therapy should be considered in all patients with ischemic heart disease, particularly in those with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the absence of contraindications, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors should be considered in ischemic heart disease patients who also have diabetes melli-tus, left ventricular dysfunction, history of myocardial infarction, or any combination of these. Angiotensin receptor blockers... 

The analgesic effects of NSAIDs are attributed to inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme, whereas the negative GI effects are due to inhibition of COX-1.28 Patients taking oral anticoagulants, those with a history of peptic ulcer disease, or others at high risk for GI complications may be considered candidates for a COX-2 inhibitor or a combination of a nonselective NSAID with a gastroprotective agent such as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Because most PPIs are available by prescription only, such patients should be referred to a physician. 

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