Environmental Protection Agency cosmetics

Prior to the 1990s phenyhnercuric acetate was the primary bactericide and fungicide in latex and waterborne paints. Because of the increasing concerns of mercury toxicity and the potential for high consumer and occupational exposures to mercury when present in paints, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) induced U.S. manufacturers of PMA and other mercury compounds to withdraw their registrations for use of these substances as biocides in paints (see AIercury). Mercury compounds are used only for very limited, specific purposes, such as the use of phenyhnercuric mXx.2LX.e[55-68-5] as a bactericide in cosmetic eye preparations (see Cosmetics). 

Food and Drug Administration Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Title 21 Environmental Protection Agency, Title 40... 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved several methods for the extraction of pollutants from environmental samples. These standard methods are listed under EPA publication SW-846, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste Physical/Chemical Methods [1], Many of them were approved only in the last decade. Automated Soxhlet was promulgated in 1994, SFE and ASE in 1996, and MAE in 2000. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) has published its own standard extraction methods for the food, animal feed, drug, and cosmetics industries [2], Some extraction methods have also been approved by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) [3], Table 3.1 summarizes the standard methods from various sources. 

Anonymous (1997). The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) As Amended by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of August 3,1996, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. 730L97001,1997. 

U.S. MRLs, referred to as tolerances , are established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under auspices of the federal food, Dmg, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). Tolerances are established on raw agricultural commodities (RAC) and also on processed commodities (i.e., food additive tolerance) if the residue level in the process fraction will be greater than that for the RAC. Tolerances for more than 300 active ingredients have been established by EPA. Enforcement of... 

Silver nanoparticies can be seen as a threat or as an ecotoxic product that accumulates in the trophic chain (SCENIHR, 2006). The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that nanosilver penetration into the food chain is possible as a result of application of cosmetic formulations containing silver nanoparticies, such as suntan lotion which can easily get into the water. This is the shortest way to penetrate nanosilver into living organisms (EPA, 2007). 

Zero-based laws are uncommon. A good historical example is the Delaney Clause (1958) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938), which states that the FDA shall not approve for use in food any chemical additive found to induce cancer in man, or, after tests, found to induce cancer in animals. This is a very extreme condition since it completely bans the use of any (natural or synthetic) chemical that is believed to cause cancer at any dose in any species. In 1988 the Environmental Protection Agency changed its policy in interpreting the Delaney Clause to include the criterion of de minimus, which refers to a risk level too small to be concerned with. That is, minimal or negligible risks are acceptable. 

Many standard analytical methods have been published as papers in analytical journals and other scientific Uterature, and in textbook form. Collections by trades associations representing, for example, the cosmetics, food, iron and steel, pharmaceutical, polymer plastics and paint, and water industries are available. Standards organizations and statutory authorities, instrument manufacturers applications notes, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the US Environmental Protection Agency are also valuable sources of standard methods. Often, laboratories will develop their own in-house methods or adapt existing ones for specific purposes. Method development forms a significant part of the work of most analytical laboratories, and method validation and periodic revalidation is a necessity. 

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