Entropy cosmological

Thermodynamic processes play an important, or even dominant, role in all branches of science, from cosmology to biology and from the vastness of space to the microcosmos of living cells. Energy and entropy determine and direct all the processes which occur in the observable world. Thermodynamics only describes the properties of large populations of particles it cannot make any statements about the behaviour of single atoms or molecules. The most important properties of a system are determined by ... 

Today we would hesitate to comment on the energy or entropy of the universe, because we have no way to measure these quantities, and we would refer only to the surroundings that are observed to interact with the system. Some cosmological theorists have suggested that the increase in entropy posmlated by the second law is a result of the expansion of the universe [6]. One recent set of astronomical measurements leads to a prediction that the universe will continue to expand, and another predicts that expansion will reach a maximum and reverse [7]. 

GRA.6.1. Prigogine and J. Geheniau, Entropy, matter and cosmology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Set USA... 

GRA.7. 1. Prigogine, Entropy and Cosmology, Conf. mondiale Inst. Internat. Froid, Paris, 1986. GRA.8. E. Gunzig, J. Geheniau, and 1. Prigogine, Entropy and cosmology, Nature 330, 621-624, 1987. 

The conclusions reached here are clearly related to those of Prigogine [160] who deduced that the irreversible creation of matter generates cosmological entropy and that the arrow of time is provided by the transformation of gravitational energy into matter. The difference is that Prigogine s result was obtained by incorporating the second law of thermodynamics into the relativistic field equations, whereas the present model makes no assumption about macroscopic behaviour. 

But whether low-entropy or equivalently high-negentropy boundary conditions are one-time, or two-time in oscillating cosmologies [61,62,101-105], Dr. Roger Penrose s central... 

Low-entropy Planck-power (or other [21-25,33-35]) input such as hydrogen in nonoscillating cosmologies, or two-time low-entropy boundary conditions in oscillating ones [61,62,101-105], would enable our Universe — and likewise any Universe in the Multiverse — to forever thwart the heat death predicted by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. It should be noted that there also are other ways that the heat death can be thwarted see, for example, Ref. [127], Hopefully, one way or another, the heat death is thwarted in the real Universe, whether within an inflationary Multiverse [89-94,105] or otherwise [88,89,101-105,127]. 

There are also many proposed solutions to the entropy problem (why there is so very much more than one minimal Boltzmann brain in our L-region and O-region), some of which we have already discussed and /or cited in Sects. 5-8, other than Planck-power input. But there are still other proposed solutions to the entropy problem. One other proposed solution that we have not yet cited entails quantum fluctuations ensuring that every baby Universe starts out with an unstable large cosmological-constant, which corresponds to low total entropy because it is thermodynamically favorable for the consequent high-energy false vacuum to decay spontaneously [169,170], Yet another proposed solution that we have not yet cited entails observer-assisted low entropy [168]. 

Tegmark M. How unitary cosmology generalizes thermodynamics and solves the inflationary entropy problem. Phys. Rev. D. 2012 85 123517, 19 pages. DOI 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 85.123517... 

Systems that do not tend to approach a maximum of entropy might be basically of interest in cosmology, if the big bang stops to bang. However, we should annotate that at the time when Clausius formulated the second law, nothing was known about the big bang. 

If we treat the universe as an isolated system (although cosmology provides no assurance that this is a valid concept), we can say that as spontaneous changes occur in the universe, its entropy continuously increases. Clausius summarized the first and second laws in a famous statement Die Energie der Welt ist constant die Entropie der Welt strebt einem Maximum zu (the energy of the universe is constant the entropy of the universe strives toward a maximum). 

Within the past 50 years our view of Nature has changed drastically. Classical science emphasized equilibrium and stability. Now we see fluctuations, instability, evolutionary processes on all levels from chemistry and biology to cosmology. Everywhere we observe irreversible processes in which time symmetry is broken. The distinction between reversible and irreversible processes was first introduced in thermodynamics through the concept of entropy , the arrow of time as Arthur Eddington called it. Therefore our new view of Nature leads to an increased interest in thermodynamics. Unfortunately, most introductory texts are limited to the study of equilibrium states, restricting thermodynamics to idealized, infinitely slow reversible processes. The student does not see the relationship between irreversible processes that naturally occur, such as chemical reactions and heat conduction, and the rate of increase of entropy. In this text, we present a modem formulation of thermodynamics in which the relation between rate of increase of entropy and irreversible processes is made clear from the very outset. Equilibrium remains an interesting field of inquiry but in the present state of science, it appears essential to include irreversible processes as well. 

It was the first evolutionary formulation of cosmology. This was a revolutionary statement as the existence of irreversible processes (and therefore of entropy) conflicts with the time-reversible view of dynamics. Of course, classical dynamics has been superseded by quantum theory and relatively. But this conflict remains because in both quantum theory and relativity the basic dynamical laws are time-reversible. 

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