Enhanced Ion Transport

Micromembrane suppressors introduced in 1985 use thin, fiat ion-exchange membranes to enhance ion transport while maintaining a very low dead volume, providing a high suppression capacity, with low dispersion. 

Panina EM, Mironov AA, Gelfand MS Comparative genomics of bacterial zinc regulons Enhanced ion transport, pathogenesis, and rearrangement of ribosom-al proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100(17) 9912-9917. 

Strongly enhanced ion transport rates as compared to those without oriented channels (Figure 4). 

The kinetics of both oxygen reduction and alcohol oxidation can be more signif-icandy improved in a high-pH electrolyte than in a low-pH one, due to enhanced ion transport and fecile charge transfer in alkali [72]. The anion exchange membrane direct ethanol fuel cells build upon AEM electrolyte and are directly fed with ethanol fuel. At the anode, the ethanol reacts with OH to produce CO2 (complete oxidation), while at the cathode, oxygen reacts with H2O and... 

Mechanism of Action The mechanism of action of divalproex is not well understood. It is known to affect ion transport and enhances the activity of y-aminobutyric acid. Like lithium, it also has possible neuroprotective effects through enhancement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.31... 

It is important to stress that the capacitive behaviour of the microporous carbons could be further improved by enhancing the mesopore volume. The presence of mesopores plays a crucial role for the ion transportation to the active surface. Hence, a development of mesopores in these materials, and a strict control of the micropore-mesopore volume ratio is necessary. 

The cyclohexane-containing system (203) was also prepared in an attempt to obtain metal complexes with clam type geometries (Owen, 1983). As for the previous system, it was considered that such complexes might show enhanced shielding of the cation, from both the solvent and the counter ion present, but still allow the bound metal to be readily released on demand. As is evident from our earlier discussion, both these are desirable properties for metal-ion transport systems. 

There are three broad categories of materials that have been utilized in this endeavor. In the first, even in fully stoichiometric compounds, the ionic conductivity is high enough to be useful in devices because the cation or anion substructure is mobile and behaves rather like a liquid phase trapped in the solid matrix. A second group have structural features such as open channels that allow easy ion transport. In the third group the ionic conductivity is low and must be increased by the addition of defects, typically impurities. These defects are responsible for the enhancement of ionic transport. 

Carbon-based nanocomposite concepts have been successfully developed to limit or reduce these adverse effects and at the same time enhance the electron or ion transport [8]. CNT is an ideal building block in the carbon-inorganic composite/hybrid due to its mechanical, physical, chemical properties as mentioned above. CNTs are apparently superior to other carbonaceous materials such as graphite or amorphous carbon and are more adaptable to the homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles than other carbonaceous materials [36],... 

Lubiprostone has used as a novel PG compound for an oral treatment of constipation with a unique action directed to the target tissue, although it has low systemic availability following oral administration. It activates a locally acting chloride channel, which is a normal constituent of the apical membrane of the human intestine, and enhances a chloride-rich intestinal fluid secretion without altering sodium and potassium concentration in the serum. In fasted rats administered doses of 1, 10, or lOOpg/kg of the compound, dose-dependent increases in the concentration of chloride ions in the bowel were detected, indicating that the compound opens chloride channels and promotes chloride ion transport in vivo [45]. 

The acute toxic properties of all the organochlorine pesticides in humans are qualitatively similar. These agents interfere with inactivation of the sodium channel in excitable membranes and cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons. Calcium ion transport is inhibited. These events affect repolarization and enhance the excitability of neurons. The major effect is central nervous system stimulation. With DDT, tremor may be the first manifestation, possibly continuing to convulsions, whereas with the other compounds convulsions often appear as the first sign of intoxication. There is no specific treatment for the acute intoxicated state, and management is symptomatic. 

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