Enhanced enzyme utilization

Site-specific prodmgs are designed to ensure that the release of the active dmg only occurs at its site of action thereby reducing toxic side-effects due to high plasma concentrations of the dmg or non-specific uptake by other body tissues by utilizing enhanced enzyme or chemical activity of a particular cell type. 

Laurell T, Drott J, Rosengren L, Lindstrom K. Enhanced enzyme activity in silicon integrated enzyme reactors utilizing porous silicon as the coupling matrix. Sensors Actuators, B 1996 31 161-166. 

The solvent extraction can be enhanced by utilizing carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, for instance pectinase, cellulase, hemicellulase, and many other enzymes, which can be used to disintegrate the plant cell-wall matrix leading to more efficient release of phenolic compounds [36]. Enzymatic-assisted extraction has been applied for superior extraction of pol3q)henolic compounds from different biomaterials, such as black currant juice press residues [37, 38], pigeon pea leaves [39], and grape pomace [40]. 

In general, enzymatic degumming minimizes oil retained in the gum, resulting in improved oil yields. The enzymatic hydrolysis reaction typically requires 5-6 hours and utilizes less water than water and acid degumming processes. Reductions in enzyme production costs and enhanced enzyme activity and stability could make enzymatic degumming process very attractive for oil refining industry in the near fumre. 

Monte JR, Brienzo M, Milagres AMR Utilization of pineapple stem juice to enhance enzyme-hydrolytic efficiency for sugarcane bagasse after an optimized pre-treatment with alkaline peroxide. Appl Energy 2011 88 403-8. 

Perhaps the biggest impact on the practical utilization of enzymes has been the development of nonaqueous enzymology (11,16,33,35). The use of enzymes in nonaqueous media gready expands the scope of suitable transformations, simplifies thek use, and enhances stabiUty. It also provides an easy means of regulation of the substrate specificity and regio- and enantioselectivity of enzymes by changing the reaction medium. 

Dou X., Takama T., Yamaguchi Y., Yamamoto H., Ozaki Y., Enzyme immunoassay utilizing surface-enhanced Raman scattering of the enzyme reaction product, Anal. Chem. 1997 69 1492-1495. 

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