Enforcement of regulations

Source Identification of Airborne Particles, In recent years, ingenious methods of identifying the point source of airborne particles have been developed. If not specific point sources of pollution, rather small regional areas can often be identified. Source of particles can be important for numerous reasons, including the enforcement of regulation and also in sorting out. for example, the various distant sources that contribute to acid rain pollution. 

A bureau of the (US-)Department of the Treasury having responsibility for the enactment and enforcement of regulations related to commerce in explosives under Part 181 of Title 26 of the Code of Federal Regulations. 

NRDC). A private environmental advisory group, founded in 1970, whose function is to point out serious environmental hazards and to oversee the enforcement of regulations pertaining to them. It was influential in postponement of the breeder reactor and in recognition of the chlorofluorocarbon-ozone problem. It operates primarily through the courts. Its main office is at 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011 Website http //www.nrdc.org. 

Monitoring of phosphates levels, as released by industry, agriculture, and domestic sources, is essential for enforcement of regulations and imposition of limits. It also allows more accurate... 

Bahlman (1914), from his studies on Cincinnati ice cream, concluded that cream is the source of the great majority of bacteria in ice cream. He says proper pasteurization of the cream and enforcement of regulations as to sanitary production of cream will reduce the bacterial content in ice cream. Pasteurization of the mix just before freezing would bring about a still greater reduction. He further says that the use of pasteurized cream does not affect the taste of the ice cream. 

K. Hawkins (1983) Bargain and Bluff Compliance Strategy and Deterrence in the Enforcement of Regulation, Law and Policy, 5/1 35-73. 

The enforcement of regulation and often the administration of justice in the fields of health, safety, and environmental protection need to be based on a foundation of valid analytical measurement in which the public has confidence. 

This is a topic we will address at the end of this chapter, suffice to say here that effective enforcement of regulation emerges as centrally important from a range of studies of regulation (Barrile, 1995 Di Mento, 1989 Hasseldine, 1993 Sigler and Murphy, 1988). 

Taken together, these analytical methods should be chosen for any purpose. For surveillance, GC-MS and LC-MS/MS are efficient because of their sensitivity, and for enforcement of regulation, HPLC would be useful. 

There may well be considerable overlap between the responsibilities of the utility companies, the insurer and the authorities. For example, the electricity supply company may be the de facto or even the de jure authority for the plant electrical installation. In some countries the enforcement of regulations concerning boilers and lifting devices may in effect be left to the insurer. For this reason it may be advantageous for the EPCM contractor s authorities engineer also to be responsible for liaison with the insurer and the utility companies. 

Changes in regulatory environment - Agencies which regulate and supervise the allocation of frequency spectrum and which monitor and enforcement of regulation - Operations in geographic areas - Pricing of services - Use of mobile phones... 

---