Energy temporal structure

Higher + Electronic + Interaction with the environment Spatio-temporal structure (flexibility, conformation) Electronic properties (electron distribution, polarizability, ionisation) Solvation, hydration, partitioning, intermolecular interactions Conformational energy diagrams, computer display Molecular orbitals, electrostatic potential maps Computer display... 

The PEL emits micropulses at the storage ring frequency. The width of the laser micropulse is certainly smaller than the electron bunch length (0.5 - Ins) but has not yet been measured. A pulsed macro-temporal emission structure has been described theoretically (33) and observed experimentally (4a, 25).In the ACO case, where the electron pulses are Ins long and the repetition period 37ns, the PEL emission macro-temporal structure has a pseudoperiod of 10-20ms and a pulse duration of about 2-3ms (Pig. 19a).The laser time structure is thus similar to the relaxation oscillation of a conventional laser, but here the excursions of the electron beam energy spread about a mean value play a role equivalent to that of the excursions of an inverted population density. 

In summary, microdosimetry is the study and quantification of the spatial and temporal distributions of absorbed energy in irradiated matter [15,17,22,23]. One makes a distinction between regional microdosimetry [the object of which is the study of micro-dosimetric distributions /(z)j and structural microdosimetry (a mathematically more advanced approach, which is concerned with characterizing the spatial distribution of individual energy deposition events, i.e., ionizations and/or excitations). Regional microdosimetry asserts that the effect is entirely determined by the amount of specific energy deposited in the relevant site (typically, a cell nucleus). The two kinds of microdosimetry, regional and structural, were shown to be in fact mathematically equivalent—once the sensitive site is judiciously determined [16]. 

The temporally and spatially resolved transient structures elucidated by UED include structures in radiationless transitions, structures in non-concerted organic reactions, structures in non-concerted organometallic reactions, structures of carbene intermediates, dynamic pseudorotary structures, non-equilibrium structures and conformational structures on complex energy landscapes, transient structures of surfaces and bulk crystals, and solid-to-... 

Self-organization could be considered as a set intersecting self-assembly, ordered self-assembly, that would (1) contain the systems presenting a spontaneous emergence of order in either space or time or both (2) cover spatial (structural) and temporal (dynamic) order of both equilibrium structures and of non-equilibrium, dissipative structures, incorporating non-linear chemical processes, energy flow and the arrow of time (3) concern only the non-covalent, supramolecular level (4) be... 

Using the calculational method based on DDFT, deviations from the cylinder bulk morphology have been identified as surface reconstructions [58, 62], The constructed structure or phase diagrams allowed surface field and confinement effects to be distinguished [57-59, 107, 145, 186], The comparative analysis of defect types and dynamics disclosed annihilation pathways via temporal phase transitions [36, 111]. Further, a quantitative analysis of defect motion led to an estimate of the interfacial energy between the cylinder and the PL phases [117]. A DDFT-based model was effectively used to simulate a block copolymer film with a free surface and to study the dynamics of terrace development [41,42], We showed how our computational method and an advanced dynamic SFM can be exploited in a synergetic fashion to extend the information about the elementary steps in structural transitions at the mesoscopic level. In particular, the experiments validate the dynamic DDFT method, and the DDFT calculations rationalize the characterization of the film surface in the interior of the film [187],... 

---