Energy storage and transmission

The issues of faciUtating options such as energy storage and transmission may prove to be important to the success of wind energy technology. Cost-effective storage coupled to wind systems would yield capacity credit benefits. In addition, because sites are often isolated, the value of wind energy would benefit from transmission/distribution access. 

Hoover, W.R., Robinson, S.L., Stoltz, R.E., and Spingarm, J.R. Hydrogen Compatibility of Structural Materials for Energy Storage and Transmission Final Report, SAND81-8006, Livemore, CA, 1981. 

The analyses presented in this report were performed as a part of a study of closed-loop chemical systems for energy storage and transmission that was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. 

H. B. Vakil and J. W. Flock, "Closed Loop Chemical Systems for Energy Storage and Transmission," Final Report on Contract EY-76-C-02-2676 for U.S. Department of Energy, Report No. COO-2676-1, August 1978. 

Convective heat transmission occurs within a fluid, and between a fluid and a surface, by virtue of relative movement of the fluid particles (that is, by mass transfer). Heat exchange between fluid particles in mixing and between fluid particles and a surface is by conduction. The overall rate of heat transfer in convection is, however, also dependent on the capacity of the fluid for energy storage and on its resistance to flow in mixing. The fluid properties which characterize convective heat transfer are thus thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and dynamic viscosity. 

An OTEC installation comprises a power generating subsystem subsystems to convert the electric powerproduced to forms useful for power transmission and fuel production energy storage and transfer equipment equipment for position control of floating systems and facilities (ships, platforms, or on-land installations) to house and maintain the total system. Closed-cycle OTEC systems are suitable for installation on ships and, therefore, offer a potential way for OTEC plantships to draw power from the entire area of the tropical oceans and provide a major new source for renewable fuels production. 

The many functions of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids include energy storage and as structural building units, while nucleic acids are responsible for the storage, transmission and translation of genetic information. All nucleic acids and several kinds of lipids contain phosphorus, while most varieties of proteins either contain phosphorus or are closely associated with phosphorus compounds in some way or another (Chapter 10). About half the presently known proteins will bind and/ or process compounds containing phosphoryl groups. 

It is well known that for optimal performance of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, it is necessary to have a nonplanar electrode to increase reaction area. One requires a porous electrode with multiple phases that can transport the reactant and products in the electrode while also undergoing reaction [1] an analogy in heterogeneous catalysis is reaction through a catalyst particle [2], For traditional devices, porous electrodes are often comprised of an electrolyte (which can be solid or liquid) that carries the ions or ionic current and a solid phase that carries the electrons or electronic current. In addition, there may be other phases such as a gas phase (e.g., fuel cells). Schematically one can consider the porous electrode as a transmission-line model as shown in Fig. 1. 

Electric Power Research Institute (2003) DOE handbook of energy storage for transmission and distribution applications... 

Even if wind power can only be competitive in specific situations, its price has decreased notably in the last decade and future improvements in terms of storage and transmission of wind energy are expected. 

In a series of papers, we have proposed the torsional mechanism of energy transduction and ATP synthesis, the only unified and detailed molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis to date [16-20,56] which addresses the issues of ion translocation in Fq [16, 20, 56], ionmotive torque generation in Fq [16, 20, 56], torque transmission from Fq to Fj [17,18], energy storage in the enzyme [17], conformational changes in Fj [18], and the catalytic cycle of ATP synthesis [18, 19]. We have also studied the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of ATP synthesis [19,20,41,42,56]. A kinetic scheme has been developed and mathematically analyzed to obtain a kinetic model relating the rate of ATP synthesis to pHjn and pH m in the Fq portion and the adenine nucleotide concentrations in the Fj portion of ATP synthase. Analysis of these kinetic models reveals a wealth of mechanistic details such as the absence of cooperativity in the Fj portion of ATP synthase, order of substrate binding and product release events, and kinetic inequivalence of ApH and Aip. 

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