Energy-Resolved Imaging

Cylindrical lead collimators with 10 mm thick walls and a clear aperture of about 10 mm diameter were placed between the pin-hole and the X-ray output window of the main chamber to reduce scattered photon noise inside the vacuum chamber. Also, a set of magnets (with typical magnetic field strength of about 1 T) were placed inside each tube to stop high-energy electrons. All these measures were adopted to reduce as much as possible X-rays produced 

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These plots show the projections on the (y, E) and (x, E) planes of the distribution of all the X-ray photons identified according to their position in the (x, y, E) space, that is, the energy resolved image of the source. Clearly visible in the plots are the contributions of the main fluorescence lines of each target layer. In most cases, the emission is centered at a common position (corresponding to the expected position of the source). In contrast, the emission around 900 ADC levels (corresponding approximately to 22.IkeV)... 

Electron beam divergence, 173 Electron beam pointing, 173 Electron density, 91 Electronic softening, 32 Emittance, 152 Energy resolved images, 134 Excimers, 20... 

The combination of state-of-the-art first-principles calculations of the electronic structure with the Tersoff-Hamann method [38] to simulate STM images provides a successful approach to interpret the STM images from oxide surfaces at the atomic scale. Typically, the local energy-resolved density of states (DOS) is evaluated and isosurfaces of constant charge density are determined. The comparison between simulated and measured high-resolution STM images at different tunneling... 

Figure 9. Schematic of the electron-optical arrangement designed by Coxon et al. [15] for the production of energy-resolved two-dimensional images in XPS a) Spherical mu-inetal chamber b) Lens 1 c) Objective aperture d) Field aperture e) Lens 2 f) Lens 3 g) 180 Hemispherical analyzer h) Hole i) Spectrum detector 1 j) Lens 5 k) Image detector 2...

The luminescence of the lanthanide ions is particularly attractive because the energies of their electronic transitions are fairly constant whatever the chemical environment. Furthermore, the forbidden character of their electronic transitions yield long lifetimes which enable, for example, time-resolved imaging. The lifetime, as the quantum yield is on the other hand very sensitive to the chemical environment. The luminescence of the lanthanide complexes are thus good probes and are even nsed in biomedicine for some diagnosis and analytical methods. 

From the time- and energy-resolved photoelectron angular distributions of the previous section, we can construct femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron images of these spectra, which are shown in Fig. 5.26(a). The vertical axis indicates the photoelectron momentum along the direction of the pump and probe polarizations in atomic units, and the horizontal axis the momentum perpendicular to it. The intensities Pk 0k) x 10 of Eq. (3.93)] are indicated by color and brightness (key given as the rightmost scale... 

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