Indirect energy

Gary J Stiegel, M S , P.E., Program Coordinator, Federal Energy Technology Center (Pittsburgh), U.S. Depaiiment of Energy. (Indirect Liquefaction)... 

If the cross-coupling is strong enough this may include a transition to a lower electronic level, such as an excited triplet state, a lower energy indirect conduction band, or a localized impurity level. A common occurrence in insulators and semiconductors is the formation of a bound state between an electron and a hole (called... 

With nitrogen iodide, Meerkamper (Ref. 36) found the incident energy indirectly proportional to the time elapsing between the onset of the light flash and detonation. Therefore the relation is ... 

The only satisfactory approach to this problem at present involves the use of perturbations methods. Attempts to calculate resonance energies indirectly, by comparing calculated total energies of a compound with that of a single classical structure for it, have proved ineffective. Thus calculations of this kind have failed to account for the special stability of monocyclic compounds containing 4n + 2 electrons (Hiickel s rule), and they predict that all the compounds XVII-XXIII should be aromatic whereas the only one that is aromatic is azulene (XXII). 

Fg dissociation, for which the Hartree-Fock calculations favor two F atoms with respect to F by 130 kD/mole. Apparently in dissociations and potential curves involving the electron-pair bond rupture, the correlation energy is of crucial importance and use must be made of some approach which goes beyond the Hartree-Fock limit, A degree of success of some such treatments is discussed in Section 5,D. Sometimes one can arrive at the dissociation energy indirectly. For example, the reaction... 

This equation is not restricted to the CCSD approximation, however. Since higher excitation cluster operators such as T3 and T4 cannot produce fully contracted terms with the Hamiltonian, their contribution to the coupled cluster energy expression is zero. Therefore, Eq. [134] also holds for more complicated methods such as CCSDT and CCSDTQ. Higher excitation cluster operators can contribute to the energy indirectly, however, through the equations used to determine the amplitudes, and t-h, which are needed in the energy equation above. 

Figure 3. The nonrelativistic band structure for AgBr. The lowest energy indirect transition promotes an electron from the highest point in the valence band, L 3, to the minimum in the conduction band, T,. This energy difference is the bandgap energy, Et. The lowest energy direct transition is from r,5 to T,. After [52] and [54],...

We can also determine lattice energy indirectly, by assuming that the formation of an ionic compound takes place in a series of steps. This procedure, known as the Born-Haber cycle, relates lattice energies of ionic compounds to ionization energies, electron affinities, and other atomic and molecular properties. It is based on Hess s law (see Section 6.5). Developed by Max Bom and Fritz Haber, the Bom-Haber cycle defines the various steps that precede the formation of an ionic solid. We will illustrate its use to find the lattice energy of lithium fluoride. 

In contrast to the channel and carrier proteins described earlier, some carrier or transporter proteins utilize energy, in the form of ATP, either directly or indirectly to move substrates against their concentration gradient. In the case of carriers that use energy indirectly, also known as secondary active transporters,... 

Before we do that, though, we will discuss some simple cases showing how to find values for energy. Many quantities derived from energy are easier to measure than the energy itself, so we usually calculate energy indirectly through these quantities. 

Hess and Moyer have studied the deuterons emitted from seven elements when bombarded by 300Mev neutrons and protons. The energy of the neutrons was broad. They interpreted their data according to a theory of Bransden in which at such high energies indirect pick-up processes are considered the main source of deuterons. These would correspond to the background (energy continuum) deuterons in Selove s experiment. 

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