Energy extrusion

Liposomes — These are synthetic lipid vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers they resemble cell membranes and can incorporate various active molecules. Liposomes are spherical, range in size from 0.1 to 500 pm, and are thermodynamically unstable. They are built from hydrated thin lipid films that become fluid and form spontaneously multilameUar vesicles (MLVs). Using soni-cation, freeze-thaw cycles, or mechanical energy (extrusion), MLVs are converted to small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) with diameters in the range of 15 to 50 nm. ... 

Thus, sulfur extrusion from the twisted naphtho[3,4-c/]thiepin is rapid, because in this case less energy is required to form the thianorcaradiene isomer than for a total loss of aromaticity. 

Under stress conditions similar to those arising in the extrusion or pressure molding processes, the activation energy for viscous flow of systems with PMF is little different from that for the matrix [163, 164,209, 344, 345], This means that the secondary network of the materia has been destroyed [69]. 

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are efflux pumps that derive the energy needed for drug extrusion from the hydrolysis of ATP. Bacterial ABC antibiotic efflux transporter encoded on plasmids is a significant... 

Due to particles extrusion, crystal lattice deformation expands to the adjacent area, though the deformation strength reduces gradually (Figs. 10(a)-10(other hand, after impacting, the particle may retain to plow the surface for a short distance to exhaust the kinetic energy of the particle. As a result, parts of the free atoms break apart from the substrate and pile up as atom clusters before the particle. The observation is consistent with results of molecular dynamics simulation of the nanometric cutting of silicon [15] and collision of the nanoparticle with the solid surface [16]. 

Mooney Viscometer studies at 100°C and 120°C show lower viscosity of the Al-hlled gums. Lower viscosity compounds require less energy input for extrusion. Comparative results on the dynamic mechanical properties, measured using a rubber process analyzer (RPA), show that at the... 

Extrusion or elimination of small stable species such as CO2 Intramolecular energy transfer Quenching involving translational or vibrational excitation of another molecule... 

Third, the pronounced difference in stability between the naphtho[2,3-sulfur extrusion processes. In contrast to the substantial instability of 116, the increased stability of 114 may be due to the energy required to convert two aromatic rings into the o-quinoid form in 114a. 

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