Energy efficiency coefficient

Table 2-27. Classification of Chemical Reactions for Determination of Vibrational Energy Efficiency Coefficients a in Overcoming Activation Energy Barrier...

Correct - Aerobic growth is more energy efficient (produces more ATP) than anaerobic growth, resulting in higher yield coefficients. 

Laser treatment is also an energy-efficient process. After treated by the C02-pulsed laser beam without photo initiator, the samples showed significant differences in hydrophilicity depending on the number of the laser pulses. The friction coefficient of the PDMS decreased drastically when the surface was treated with the laser, and low platelet spreading and aggregation was observed on the laser-treated PDMS surface. 

The energy (or first law) efficiency is simply a ratio of useful output energy to input energy and is referred to as a coefficient of performance (COP) for refrigeration systems. The energy efficiency of the heat pump unit can thus be defined as follows ... 

Heat transfer has been identified by Rlay 13 as an important area in which process intensification is expected to offer major benefits in terms of energy efficiency, pollution control and plant operating costs. So-called passive techniques including modifying the walls of a plant unit, for example, are routinely used to improve heat transfer coefficients in... 

Increase in coefficient of friction resulting in a corresponding decrease in energy efficiency is possible. 

The pristine and doped poly-phenylene sulfide may be used for light energy conversion to the electrical one. The efficiency coefficient is of the order 0.01-0.2% for various lightwaves, fill factor 0.07-0.20. The characteristics are better than ones for doped TNF PVC. 

The second empirical rate coefficient, the energy efficiency, rj, is the quotient of the reduced activity, P/p, and the field-to-pressure ratio, X/p, both quantities relating to some given plane perpendicular to the direction of current flow or 7/= (P/p)/(X/p) = P/X. If any region of a discharge is uniform, P/p, r), and X/p are characteristics of the whole region. 

Under sliding conditions, films formed by ZDDPs behave in a plastic manner and boundary friction coefficients of ZDDP films are 0.13-0.15 [39]. In addition, they increase friction in the mixed lubrication region, secondary ZDDPs more so than primaries, which has an obvious impact upon energy efficiency. It may be that there is a thick viscous layer of organophosphate material on top of the solid reaction films but evidence for [40] is slightly weaker than the evidence against [41] and further studies are required to resolve this issue. 

The low distribution coefficients, the attendant requirement of recycling CO2 containing very little ethanol in order to achieve a high recovery of ethanol from the feed stream, and the inability to achieve the separation of ethanol from the extract stream by pressure letdown required the development of this SCF extraction-distillation process. The diagram shown in figure 8.14 pictorially summarizes that an old distillation technique can be combined with new supercritical CO2 extraction to solve the separation problem supercritical CO2 can extract the ethanol from the feed stream, distillation can separate and regenerate the solvent for recycle, and vapor compression can achieve energy efficiency. 

Here Xe is the coefficient of anharmonicity and B is the normalizing factor. Comparison of the parabolic-exponential Treanor distribution with the linear-exponential Boltzmann distribution is illustrated in Fig. 3-3. A population of highly vibrationally excited levels at TV > To can be many orders of magnitude higher than that predicted by the Boltzmaim distribution even at vibrational temperature. The Treanor distribntion resnlts in very high rates and energy efficiencies of chemical reactions stimulated by vibrational excitation in plasma. 

Transfer phenomena do not change the energy efficiency limits estabhshed by absolute and ideal quenching (see Section 3.6.6) if (1) binary diffusion coefficients are fixed, equal to each other and to reduced coefficient ofthermal conductivity (Lewis number Ze = I, Sap =... 

N2 dissociation in non-thermal plasma has been discussed in Section 5.11.4. The rate coefficients of the process (6-5) are shown in Fig. 6-2 as a function of electron temperature for the cases of dissociation by direct electron impact from the ground state as well as stepwise dissociation through the electronic excitation sequence. The dissociation rate coefficient can reached = 10 "cm satTe = leV. After dissociation of N2, NO synthesis takes place in the exothermic reaction (6-3). The energy efficiency of NO synthesis through... 

To determine the upper limits of energy efficiency of this quasi-eqttilibritun process, kinetic specifics of the Kassel mechanism should be taken into accormt. The total endothermic process (9-1) of acetylene production from methane (CH4 I/2C2H2 -I- 3/2H2) under qttasi-eqttilibriiun conditions corresponds to the first kinetic order and can be characterized by the reaction rate coefficient... 

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