Energy distribution, and

The disturbance caused by a noise depends on its intensity (equivalent pressure level L in dB(A)), its frequency spectrum (that is its energy distribution), and the acoustic characteristics of the medium in which the listener is kicated. 

Theoretical mathematical expression of energy measurement related to the second law of thermodynamics. Essentially a measurement of relative quantities of energy distribution, and reported in units of Btu/lb. or J/kg. 

In studies of molecular dynamics, lasers of very short pulse lengths allow investigation by laser-induced fluorescence of chemical processes that occur in a picosecond time frame. This time period is much less than the lifetimes of any transient species that could last long enough to yield a measurable vibrational spectrum. Such measurements go beyond simple detection and characterization of transient species. They yield details never before available of the time behavior of species in fast reactions, such as temporal and spatial redistribution of initially localized energy in excited molecules. Laser-induced fluorescence characterizes the molecular species that have formed, their internal energy distributions, and their lifetimes. 

The fragment translational energy distribution and dissociation rate measurements of ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene suggest that the... 

We have also investigated the application of Franck-Condon models in fitting the CO product vibrational energy distribution and find they are unable to do so. D. Anderson, J. Brown, R. Fletcher, K. Prather and R. Rosenfeld, manuscript in preparation. 

Fig. 2.13. Schematic superposition of the Maxwell energy distribution and neutron capture cross-section. The most probable energy for the capture process in stars is near kT. After Rolfs and Rodney (1988). Copyright by the University of Chicago. Courtesy Claus Rolfs.

Zimmerman, H. E. Alabugin, I. V. Energy Distribution and Redistribution and Chemical Reactivity. The Generalized Delta Overlap-Density Method for Ground State and Electron Transfer Reactions A New Quantitative Counterpart of Electron-Pushing. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2265-2270. 

Reaction dynamics as opposed to reaction kinetics strives to unravel the fundamentals of reactions—just how they transpire, how intramolecular vibrational energy redistributions provide energy to the modes most involved along the reaction coordinate, how specihc reaction states progress to specihc product states, why product energy distributions and ratios of alternative products are as they are, and, of course, how fast the basic processes on an atomic scale and relevant timeframe occur. 

The solution should be in equilibrium with the solid s surface with respect to all chemical processes excepting sorption/desorption. If the solid dissolves, the surface energy distribution and the composition of the aqueous phase will constantly change. If precipitation occurs, the surface of the solid may become coated with pre-... 

Here P(Er) is the angle-independent translational energy distribution, and /3(Et) is the (energy-dependent) anisotropy parameter, with -1 0 2. 

Figure 4.9 Relative dose at various depths in tissue for X-rays, for 190-MeV protons, for protons with a smeared energy distribution, and from 60Co 7 rays.

The photofragmentation that occurs as a consequence of absorption of a photon is frequently viewed as a "half-collision" process (16)- The photon absorption prepares the molecule in assorted rovibrational states of an excited electronic pes and is followed by the half-collision event in which translational, vibrational, and rotational energy transfer may occur. It is the prediction of the corresponding product energy distributions and their correlation to features of the excited pes that is a major goal of theoretical efforts. In this section we summarize some of the quantum dynamical approaches that have been developed for polyatomic photodissociation. For ease of presentation we limit consideration to triatomic molecules and, further, follow in part the presentation of Heather and Light (17). 

Microwaves consist of electric and magnetic fields, and they propagate in space. Electric fields are primarily responsible for physical effects on the tissue. The energy distribution and thus the speed of absorbing energy and warming up vary topographically. In... 

Chu, J.-J., Marcus, P., and Dagdigian, P.J. (1990). One-color photolysis-ionization study of HN3 The N2 fragment internal energy distribution and fi-v-J correlations, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 257-267. 

Gericke, K.-H., Theinl, R., and Comes, F.J. (1989). Photofragment energy distribution and rotational anisotropy from excitation of HN3 at 266 nm, Chem. Phys. Lett. 164, 605-611. 

Energy distribution and storage in the body are connected with the overall reaction ... 

---