Energy deposited

Electron-impact energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) differs from other electron spectroscopies in that it is possible to observe transitions to states below the first ionization edge electronic transitions to excited states of the neutral, vibrational and even rotational transitions can be observed. This is a consequence of the detected electrons not originating in the sample. Conversely, there is a problem when electron impact induces an ionizing transition. For each such event there are two outgoing electrons. To precisely account for the energy deposited in the target, the two electrons must be measured in coincidence. 

Much of the energy deposited in a sample by a laser pulse or beam ablates as neutral material and not ions. Ordinarily, the neutral substances are simply pumped away, and the ions are analyzed by the mass spectrometer. To increase the number of ions formed, there is often a second ion source to produce ions from the neutral materials, thereby enhancing the total ion yield. This secondary or additional mode of ionization can be effected by electrons (electron ionization, El), reagent gases (chemical ionization. Cl), a plasma torch, or even a second laser pulse. The additional ionization is often organized as a pulse (electrons, reagent gas, or laser) that follows very shortly after the... 

The defects generated in ion—soHd interactions influence the kinetic processes that occur both inside and outside the cascade volume. At times long after the cascade lifetime (t > 10 s), the remaining vacancy—interstitial pairs can contribute to atomic diffusion processes. This process, commonly called radiation enhanced diffusion (RED), can be described by rate equations and an analytical approach (27). Within the cascade itself, under conditions of high defect densities, local energy depositions exceed 1 eV/atom and local kinetic processes can be described on the basis of ahquid-like diffusion formalism (28,29). 

The sputtering yield is proportional to the number of displaced atoms. In the linear cascade regime that is appUcable for medium mass ions (such as argon), the number of displaced atoms, E (E, is proportional to the energy deposited per unit depth as a result of nuclear energy loss. The sputtering yield Y for particles incident normal to the surface can be expressed as foUows (31). 

The methods used to generate planar shock compression can be divided roughly into three categories, namely, those that make use of (1) explosives (2) guns and (3) energy deposition. Some examples within each category are discussed below. 

The most common form of energy deposition used for planar shock wave research has been electrical resistance heating of a metal foil which vaporizes, driving a flyer plate to a high velocity before it impacts a specimen. In a hybrid system incorporation both resistance vaporization and an electromagnetic push, velocities to 18 km/s are reported for kapton flyer plates which are... 

The experimental methods for producing planar shock compression can be divided into three general categories, namely, explosives, guns, and energy deposition. Guns are considered the most versatile of the three. 

An even more ambitious goal is to characterize an unsupported catalyst, because the surface is extremely rough and the target rapidly deteriorates under bombardment. Energy deposition leads to enormous erosion, because the substrate cannot get rid of the energy deposited, owing to the low heat conductivity. As a consequence static LEIS conditions have to be used to obtain information on the surface alone. In Fig. 3.60a we show a series of LEIS spectra obtained with 5 keV Ne" ions on a... 

More closely related to health effects and material damage is the energy deposited in a mass of material. The Rad was an early unit the SI unit is the Gray. 

Around the beginning of this century, cancer and illness was associated with excessive use of X-rays. Watch dial painters got mouth cancer from radium in the paint. It soon was realized that radiation has health effects. The measures of energy deposition concepts introduced... 

The absorbed dose of radiation is the energy deposited in a sample (in particular, the human body) when it is exposed to radiation. The SI unit of absorbed dose is the gray, Gy, which corresponds to an energy deposit of 1 J-kg. The original unit used for reporting dose was the radiation absorbed dose (rad), the amount of... 

Our particular interest lies in the calculation of the linear energy deposition, or stopping power, of swift ions in materials, 5o(v). In the first Born approximation, and for a fully stripped projectile, this quantity can be written [2-4]... 

Triphosphorus anion Pj" (16e) was calculated to be linear [11]. Honea et al. [12] prepared and isolated Si (16e) by low-energy deposition into a solid nitrogen matrix, and carried out a Raman spectra study to show that Si is a planar rhombus The Al " tetraanion (16e) stabilized by the three LP ions in the most stable structure of LijAl " is rectangular in a capped octahedral arrangement [13],... 

Yuasa, T., Kadota, S., Tsue, M., Kono, M., Nomuta, H., and Ujiie, Y, Effects of energy deposition schedule on minimum ignition energy in spark ignition of methane-air mixtures, Proc. Combust. Inst., 29, 743, 2002. 

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