Energy conversion, rates

The new marketplace of energy conversion will have many new and novel concepts in combined cycle power plants. Figure 1-1 shows the heat rates of these plants, present and future, and Figure 1-2 shows the efficiencies of the same plants. The plants referenced are the Simple Cycle Gas Turbine (SCGT) with firing temperatures of 2400 °F (1315 °C), Recuperative Gas Turbine (RGT), the Steam Turbine Plant (ST), the Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP), and the Advanced Combined Cycle Power Plants (ACCP) such as combined cycle power plants using Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles, and finally the ITybrid Power Plants (HPP). 

Proton translocations accompany these cyclic electron transfer events, so ATP synthesis can be achieved. In cyclic photophosphorylation, ATP is the sole product of energy conversion. No NADPFI is generated, and, because PSII is not involved, no oxygen is evolved. The maximal rate of cyclic photophosphorylation is less than 5% of the rate of noncyclic photophosphorylation. Cyclic photophosphorylation depends only on PSI. 

The Arrhenius plots of the CO conversion rate in Fig. 2 indicate that the activation energy for the Au/Nano-Ti02 catalysts is nearly zero. Haruta et al. [6] also reported similar observations. They suggest that this occurs when the CO adsorbed on gold particles reacts with adsorbed O2 on the support at the interfacial junction between the two surfaces. 

Besides, without addictive AICI3 as a crystal conversion agent, phase composition of most neogenic Ti02 particles was anatase in our experiment. Conversions active energy finm anatase to rutile was 460 kJ/mol [5], with temperature arose, crystal conversion rate as well as mass fraction of rutile would increase [6,7]. Hence, after a lot of heat accumulated, phase composition of particle-sintered layer was rutile. 

Optimal Rates of Energy Conversion and Optimal Retention of Energy in... 

No rearrangement was observed for the pure compound 34a, adsorbed or not on KF-A1203, probably owing to its low dielectric loss. By using supports known to convert MW energy into thermal energy, the authors observed a conversion rate of 15 to 90% for 34. The best yields (30 (35e) to 90% (35c)) were obtained on graphite powder. 

In the case of 50 kW power, the rate of hydrogen supply needed (LH) is around 1.69 X 103 (mol/h) at the energy-conversion-efficiency level of 45% for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) [38]. 

Thus, the catalyzed process represented by (14) is only downhill for sufficiently low pH at the lower pH s the driving force is greater and the rate is faster. However, as the pH is lowered Ey becomes smaller. This leads to an optimum in overall energy conversion efficiency at pH =4. For monochromatic 632.8 nm light the efficiency for photoasslsted H2 evolution is up to 5% whereas naked electrodes have negligible efficiency.(49,50)... 

The rate of H2 production by one unit of photobioreactor s volume is not useful for estimation of strain capabilities or for measurements of efficiency of light energy conversion. However, it is useful unit of measurements for optimization of hydrogen production by particular photobioreactor. From practical point of view it does not matter how much cells are in the photobioreactor or how much hydrogen is produced by one unit of illuminated surface. The rate of hydrogen production by the whole photobioreactor is of first importance. For a comparison of different photobioreactors it is better to express rate of hydrogen photoproduction per unit of its volume. So, it is practical unit for estimation of actual hydrogen photoproduction. 

In the case of laminar flow in a pipe, work is done by the shear stress component rTX and the rate of doing work is the viscous dissipation rate, that is the conversion of kinetic energy into internal energy. The rate of viscous dissipation per unit volume at a point, is given by... 

Energy radiation for T > T ac. The neutrino/antineutrino collisions produce e e+ pairs outside the star, which efficiently convert to photons. We use the estimate of Ref. [45] for the vv —> e e+ conversion rate ... 

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