Energy Content of Fuels

In cases where the aromatic C—C bonds were attacked and various water-soluble substances capable of extraction from oil were formed, a reduction in the total heating value of the fuel was consequently observed [137], Hence, such reaction was categorized as an industrially unacceptable reaction, since that pathway not only destroyed the carbon skeleton reducing the energy content of fuel but also converted DBT to 3-hydroxy-2-formylbenzothiophene without actually desulfurizing it to HBP. 

Fats and oils serve as energy reserves for the organism. Because they are in a lower oxidation state than carbohydrates, they provide more energy per gram when they are metabolized (see the Focus On box Energy Content of Fuels in Chapter 5). 

The density of the liquid is very high at around 1.2 kg/litre conqtared to light fliel oil at around 0.85 kg/litre. This means that the liquid has about 42% of the energy content of fuel oil on a weight basis, but 61% on a volumetric basis. This has inplications on the design and specification of equipment such as pumps. 

Modern calorimetry is successfully used in many fields, such as material science, life sciences (biology, medicine, and biochemistry), pharmacy, and food science, for quality control, safety investigations, and the determination of the energy content of fuels. Some examples illustrating this are presented below. 

Because the determination of gross heating values is the only method for the quantitative determination of the energy content of fuels, this calorimetric... 

An electrochemical device is one in which chemical reactions occur directly with the presence of electrical energy as input energy source or as the output energy (Hamann et al., 2007 Newman and Thomas-Alyea 2004). This device is also referred to as electrolytic cell, electrochemical cell, or galvanic cell and includes devices such as electrolyzer, batteries, and fuel cells. Batteries and fuel cells are electrochemical cells in reverse, known as galvanic cells, producing electricity directly from the chemical energy content of fuel. 

Combustion calorimetry is the only technique to determine the energy content of fuels and thus is of great economic importance Therefore, this method as well as its evaluation techniques have been standardized at both national and international levels (ASTM, DIN, ISO see Volume 1 of this Handbook, Chapter 10 i omhustion Calorimeters by the same author [18]). Several bomb calorimeters are commercially available and have been described previously [18]. Usually, they are suited for sample sizes of approximately 1 g or with combustion heats of up to 30 kJ. Since it is often difficult in biology or bioche-... 

Energy content of fuels (or the energy required to create the fuels) in kilojoules per gram ... 

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