Energy causes

Excess of Internal Energy Caused by Inelastic Collisions... 

Infrared and Microwave Inks. These ate inks which have been formulated to absorb these radiant energies. The energy causes the inks to heat and dry through the partial evaporation of solvent. Absorption of the ink into a porous substrate can also be part of the overall drying mechanism with these inks. They have not found wide commercial success due to the variabiHty of the it absorption with ink color and the energy inefficiency of microwave systems in drying nonwater-based inks. 

The merits of a variable-speed motor would appear to be obvious, as many compressors in the past have benefited from the variable speed available in a steam turbine. A compressor may be adjusted as required to meet the process needs. The advent of the variable-frequency drive returns some of the benefits to the process operator that were lost when the more favor able electric energy caused motors to replace steam turbines. 

The plasma utilized for polymer treatment is generally called nonequilibrium low-temperature plasma [59]. In low-temperature plasma for polymer treatment, relatively few electrons and ions are present in the gas. Here, energy of electrons are in the range of 1-10 eV. This energy causes molecules of gas A to be ionized and excited. As a result radicals and ions are produced. 

The heat energy causing a change in temperature, as in raising a kettle of water from cold to boiling point. 

Velocity transducers are electro-mechanical sensors designed to monitor casing, or relative, vibration. Unlike displacement probes, velocity transducers measure the rate of displacement rather than the distance of movement. Velocity is normally expressed in terms of inches per second (ips) peak, which is perhaps the best method of expressing the energy caused by machine vibration. Figure 43.22 is a schematic diagram of a velocity measurement device. 

Diaxial interaction (Section 4.8) The strain energy caused by a steric interaction between axial groups three carbon atoms apart in chair cyclohexane. 

This discussion of threshold energy causes us to wonder what energies are possessed by molecules at a given temperature. We have already compared the molecules of a gas with billiard balls rebounding on a billiard table. When billiard balls bounce around, colliding with each other, some of them move rapidly and some slowly. Do molecules behave this way Experiment provides the answer. 

Collision-induced dissociation (CID) An ionic/neutral process in which the projectile ion is dissociated as a result of interaction with a target neutral species. Part of the translational energy of the ion is converted to internal energy causing subsequent fragmentation. 

With plastics there are two types of deformation or flow viscous, in which the energy causing the deformation is dissipated, and elastic, in which that energy is stored. The combination produces viscoelastic plastics. See Chapter 2, MATERIAL BEHAVIOR, Rheology and Viscoelasticity, regarding their effects on fabricated products. 

For electron transfer to and from a metal to species in solution the situation is complicated by the solvation energy of the species and in the general case changes in adsorption energy caused by electron transfer may also have to be taken into account. If we consider a simple reaction... 

An explosion is the sudden, catastrophic, release of energy, causing a pressure wave (blast wave). An explosion can occur without fire, such as the failure through over-pressure of a steam boiler or an air receiver. 

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