Energy/area targeting

Yee, T. F., Grossmann, 1. E., and Kravanja, Z. "Simultaneous Optimization Models for Heat Integration. I. Energy and Area Targeting, Comput. Chem. Eng. 14, 1151 (1990a). 

Increasing the chosen value of process energy consumption also increases all temperature differences available for heat recovery and hence decreases the necessary heat exchanger surface area (see Fig. 6.6). The network area can be distributed over the targeted number of units or shells to obtain a capital cost using Eq. (7.21). This capital cost can be annualized as detailed in App. A. The annualized capital cost can be traded off against the annual utility cost as shown in Fig. 6.6. The total cost shows a minimum at the optimal energy consumption. 

Now scan a range of values of Ar ,in and calculate the targets for energy, number of units, and network area and combine these into a total cost. The results are given in Table 7.4. 

The identity of target elements is established by the energy of the scattered particles after an elastic collision. The number of atoms per unit area, N, is found from the number of detected particles (called the yield, Y) for a given number Q of particles incident on the target. The connection is given by the scattering cross section a(9) by... 

An innovative companion technology to SVE is radio frequency heating of the soil (42,43). Heating the soil increases the volatilization of the containments which are removed by SVE. Antennae are installed near the center of the contaminated area the radio frequency energy appHed through the anteimae heat the soil to target levels of 100 to 150°C. 

The incidence of aircraft impacts may be significantly higher in certain areas (e g., in the vicinity or airports). The aircraft crash hazard is site specific and tlie failure is strongly dependent on the kinetic energy of tlie aircraft. Two types of data are needed to analyze for aircraft impact the aircraft crash rate in tlie site vicinity (per unit area per year) and tlie effective target area of tlie vulnerable item. Crash rates for different categories of aircraft can be obtained from state and national autliorities (e.g., FAA). The proximity of the site to airfields must be taken into account because crashes are much more frequent witliin a radius of approximately 3 miles. 

An effective programme for energy economy must commence with an assessment of the problem areas, planning of the campaign and the setting of realistic targets [68]. 

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