Energetics perspective

The production of organic acids by micro-organisms, and especially citric add, is considered in detail in Chapter 4. In this section therefore we will only briefly consider dtric add production, from an energetics perspective. 

Andersen OS, Koeppe RE. Bilayer thickness and membrane protein function an energetic perspective. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 2007 36 107-130. 

Because of these interactions certain spatial arrangements of the microscopic constituents will turn out to be more likely than others. Tliis is immediately apparent from a purely energetic perspective because it will be more likely to find a pair of atoms or molecules at separations from one another corresponding to the minimum of the interaction potential rather than at very short distances where the partial overlap of their electron clouds gives rise to more or le.ss. strong repulsion. On account of the interactions, particle... 

One of our recurring themes has been the capacity to examine a particular question from a number of different energetic perspectives. In broadest terms, we have divided our theoretical perspectives along the lines of whether or not they reflect a vision of the defected solid as a continuum or as a discrete collection of atoms. However, as we have discussed in detail already, even within the picture of a crystalline solid as a collection of atoms, it is possible to consider widely different frameworks for the total energy. In the present section, we use Si as a case study in order to contrast empirical and first-principles approaches to point defects as was done already for metals. 

All the radionuclides listed in O Table 46.3 emit 3 particles with relatively short tissue ranges. Erbium-169 colloids have found application for the treatment of arthritis in small joints (Menkes et al. 1982). Three other radionuclides that have been explored in clinical radionuclide therapy studies are Cu, and Lu. All of the others have not been pursued either due to problems with their production in sufficient specific activity and radionuclidic purity, or lack of suitable chemistry for attaching them to carrier molecules of interest. Nonetheless, all the radionuclides listed in O Table 46.3 would be suited, from an energetic perspective, to the treatment of small tumor metastases (O Donoghue et al. 1995). 

Florian J, Leszczynski J (1996) Spontaneous DNA mutations induced by proton transfer in the guanine cytosine base pairs an energetic perspective. J Am Chem Soc 118 3010-3017. doi 10.1021/ja951983g... 

Vasylyeva V, Shishkin OV, Maleev AV, Merz K (2012) Crystal structures of fluorinated pyridines from geometrical and energetic perspectives. Cryst Growth Des 12 1032... 

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