Energetic filler

For propellant charges the insensitivity is also playing an increasingly important role. Since approximately 1970 propellant charges have been developed and used under the title LOVA (low-vulnerability ammunition). Under bullet impact, shaped charge impact or fire they respond with fire in the worst case scenario, but not in deflagration and definitely not in detonation. As energetic fillers mainly RDX... 

While TKX-50 shows good compatibility with other energetic fillers, binders and plasticizers as well as with most metals and metal oxides (Tab. 9.15), its purity is crucial in order for it to exhibit good compatibility with all of the above for use in formulations. 

A nitroimidazole explosive molecule (141) has been synthesized by treating 2,2 -bi-lH-imidazole (140) with an excess of sodiiun nitrate (Scheme 35). This compound may serve as an energetic filler for high explosive formulations. The sensitivity results of 141 varied from more sensitive than RDX to substantially less sensitive than RDX according to the purity and condition of the test sample [126]. 

Microdomain stmcture is a consequence of microphase separation. It is associated with processability and performance of block copolymer as TPE, pressure sensitive adhesive, etc. The size of the domain decreases as temperature increases [184,185]. At processing temperature they are in a disordered state, melt viscosity becomes low with great advantage in processability. At service temperamre, they are in ordered state and the dispersed domain of plastic blocks acts as reinforcing filler for the matrix polymer [186]. This transition is a thermodynamic transition and is controlled by counterbalanced physical factors, e.g., energetics and entropy. 

The characteristics of particulate filled polymers are determined by the properties of their components, composition, structure and interactions [2]. These four factors are equally important and their effects are interconnected. The specific surface area of the filler, for example, determines the size of the contact surface between the filler and the polymer, thus the amount of the interphase formed. Surface energetics influence structure, and also the effect of composition on properties, as well as the mode of deformation. A relevant discussion of adhesion and interaction in particulate filled polymers cannot be carried out without defining the role of all factors which influence the properties of the composite and the interrelation among them. 

Although a number of filler characteristics influence composite properties, particle size, specific surface area, and surface energetics must again be mentioned here. All three also influence interfacial interactions. In the case of large particles and weak adhesion, the separation of the matrix/ filler interface is easy, debonding takes place under the effect of a small external load. Small particles form aggregates which cause a deterioration in the mechanical properties of the composites. Specific surface area, which depends on the particle size distribution of the filler, determines the size of the contact surface between the polymer and the filler. The size of this surface plays a crucial role in interfacial interactions and the formation of the interphase. 

The only use as an energetic matl in Ordn for Ba sulfate is in pyrots which is noted in Vol 2, B21-R, Another Ordn use is in the formulation of inert ammo fillers (Ref 3). 

Both of these effects refer to a high surface activity and specific surface of the filler particles [26, 27, 47]. In view of a deeper understanding of such structure-property relationships of filled rubbers it is useful to consider the morphological and energetic surface structure of carbon black particles as well as the primary and secondary aggregate structure in rubber more closely-... 

Table 3.28 Deflagration properties of mixtures of high energetic materials with filler using modified time/pressure test...

High energetic materials Filler Onset time of pressure(ms)... 

Zeolites are a subclass of microporous materials in which the crystalline inorganic framework is composed of four-coordinated species interconnected by two-coordinated species. Traditionally these materials are aluminosilicates however, many different compositions have been synthesized. The templates used in the synthesis of microporous materials are typically small ionic or neutral molecular species. The function of the template in the synthesis of microporous materials is little understood, and there are at least four different modes by which an additive can operate in a zeolite synthesis a) It may act as a space filler occupying the voids in the structure, thereby energetically stabilizing less dense inorganic framework b) the additive may control the equilibria in the synthesis mixture, such as solution pH or complexation equilibria c) it may preorganize the solution species to favor the nucleation of a specific structure d) it may act as a true template determining the size and the shape of the voids in the structure. 

Iron is a member of the transition metals, located between Gronp II and Group HI on the periodic table (see Appendix 1). For these elements, the d-orbitals are the last to be filled with electrons when writing the electron configuration. In fact, the electron configurations correlate nicely with the position of the elements in the periodic table. The elements that have their most energetic electrons in s-orbitals are the s-fillers and these appear... 

The operation of the hollow cathode lamp is as follows (i) A voltage of 100 to 400 V is applied between the anode and cathode. Highly energetic electrons emitted from the cathode ionize the filler gas as a result of collisions Ar + e = Ar + 2e (ii) The positively charged argon or neon ions are accelerated to the cathode, striking it with such force that metal... 

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