Energy end-use

The ten leading energy consumers in the food industry use about one-half of the energy of the total food processing industry. About 50% of the end use energy is from natural gas, 15% is from petroleum, and 15% is from from purchased electricity. Some of the electricity is produced from natural gas and petroleum so the source use would be higher for gas and petroleum. There have been improvements in efficiencies in most of these industries but the relationships of industries still hold. 

Fuel cells have several important benefits over conventional electrical eneigy generation from sources such as coal, as they are more efficient at converting fuel sources to end-use energy. The fuel cell vehicle will have no harmful emissions such as nitrogen oxide (NO ), sulfur oxide (SOJ, or particulates. Fuel cells provide waste heat utilization in co-generation, units which serve to raise the overall energy efficiency (65-85%). 

Fuel cells have several important benefits over conventional electrical energy generation from sources such as coal. They are more efficient at converting fuel sources to end-use energy. The fuel cell vehicle will have no harmful emissions... 

Table 5.4. End-use energy assumed in the Danish 2050 scenario (Sorensen et ah, 2001).

End-use energy measures the energy used for each final application. With surveys of energy consumption and the equipment used (as well as information on frequency of use, home size, etc.), many of the key end uses in homes, buildings, vehicles, and even in complex industrial processes can be determined. 

Final energy is the energy purchased by final energy users, excluding on-site conversion losses, measured as purchased energy - the consumption by in-plant conversion processes -I- the production by in-plant conversion processes. The difference between end-use energy and final energy is actually that more conversions are taken into account for the latter. 

The IS92 scenarios are a set of assumptions, the more significant of which concern population, economic growth, rate of end-use energy intensity improvement, and elasticity of demand for energy in developing nations. 

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