Electrical energy, generation

In each of these plants, the characterization of the dust explosion potential was carried out by sampling transport ducts for explosive dust concentrations during an actual plant operation. The critical measurements taken were the quantification of explosive dust concentrations and level of electric energy generated from the electrostatic charge accumulations found in the duct. 

Fuel cells have several important benefits over conventional electrical energy generation from sources such as coal. They are more efficient at converting fuel sources to end-use energy. The fuel cell vehicle will have no harmful emissions... 

Thermophotovoltaic systems convert the radiant energy produced by fuel combustion directly into electricity. Snch systems can potentially attain high overall conversion efficiencies. Because they may use renewable as well as fossil fnels, they permit a smooth pathway for an environmentally benign method of electrical energy generation (Catalano, 1996). 

Year Electric energy generation (PWh) Population (billion) Intensity (MWh/cap)... 

A 354 mW thermal solar plant at Kramer Junction in the Harper Valley in California that has been in operation since 1985 (courtesy of NREL/DOE). (Top) This is one of nine solar electric energy-generating plants at Kramer Junction, California and it uses parabolic troughs to collect the Sun s energy. (Courtesy of National Recoverable Energy Laboratory-NREL/DOE.) (Bottom) In the receiver tubes, hot oil transports the concentrated solar heat to steam boilers, which drive the turbine generators. 

Zirconia cells with Pt catalyst-electrodes can also be used to convert ammonia to nitric oxide with simultaneous electrical energy generation (6-7). Other industrially important oxidation reactions have been recently proposed for solid-state electro-... 

Thus the net effect is the conversion of A into product B and simultaneous electrical energy generation. 

Notice that we have used the standard state heat of reaction to estimate the heat evolved at 515 K. This is only approximately true since the standard state heat of reaction should be adjusted for the difference in heat capacities between the products and the reactants at the high temperature. The only point we are trying to convey is that the available work is significantly reduced when we use steam to drive a turbine. Furthermore, because of inefficiencies of the turbine and the generator, the electrical energy generated this way ends up as a small fraction of the 43.1 kJ mol toluene that is theoretically available from the reaction. 

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