End-fire coupling

Monochromatic laser light of an Ar+ laser (Innova 70 Spectrum Coherent, Inc., Santa Clara, CA) with a wavelength of 647 nm is end-fire coupled into the input fiber connected to the YI chip. The four output divergent beams overlap one another on the front side of a CCD camera (Teli CS-3440 756 x 575 pixels, vvPjxei =11.6... 

Haruna, M. Segawa, Y. Nishihara, H., Nondestructive and simple method of optical wave guide loss measurement with optimization of end fire coupling, Electron. Lett. 1992, 28, 1612 1613... 

Figure 4. Techniques for coupling an external radiation field into optical waveguides (a) prism coupling, (b) grating coupling, and (c) end-fire coupling.

For laser experiments the as fabricated waveguide was used as the laser gain medium without any coupling of external reflectors (mirrors). The experimental set-up used for laser gain experiments is schematically shown in Fig. 2. Optical excitation of the channel waveguide was performed by end-fired coupling a Ti sapphire continuous wave laser operating at 748 nm transition). 

Fig. 3 Schematic illustrating methods of coupling incident light into the waveguide, (a) Simple end firing, (b) Prism coupling, typically requires the presence of index matching fluid, (c) Grating coupling...

Fig. 7 Optical waveguide-coupling methods, (a) end-firing focused beam and end-firing optical fiber (b) prism coupling (c) grating coupling...

The workshop, too, looks much as it always did, though the presses have been shoved closer together on the brick floor at one end to make room at the other for a couple of armchairs that I remember, now standing before a two-bar electric fire. One is much more sat-in than the other, I can see, and on the bookcase next to it is a fleet of photograph frames. There s a small desk covered... 

These were the years when whatever could be made could be sold at a profit. The United States was involved in a world war followed by a postwar business boom and the Korean War. Then came 1958. The Korean War had been over for five years. The United States was in the midst of a major recession.. The chemical industry that previously could do no wrong found that all of a sudden its profits were declining rapidly. A blow to the pocketbook causes a speedy reaction. A couple of major chemical concerns responded by firing 10% of salaried employees. This was the end of an era. 

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