Emulsion saturated solution

Dichloranrine-T (p-toluenesulphondichloramide). Prepare about 200 ml. of a saturated solution of calcium hjrpochlorite by grinding a fresh sample of bleaching powder with water and filtering with shght suction. Dissolve 5 g. of p-toluenesulphonamide in as small a volume of the calcium hypochlorite solution as possible (about 150 ml.) and filter the solution if necessary. Cool in ice, and add about 50 ml. of a mixture of equal volumes of glacial acetic acid and water slowly and with stirring until precipitation is complete. The dichloramine T separates out first as a fine emulsion, which rapidly forms colourless crystals. Filter the latter... 

To separate the oil added an equal volume of fresh cool water (note waited until solution cooled before adding the water). The oil started to drop out perfectly, used DCM to extract all traces of the oil. This woik up is by far the cleanest, easiest and simplest to date... (This dreamer was tried all method of ketone synthesis)... Once the oil was extracted, the extracts were pooled washed with sodium bicarbonate lx, saturated solution of NaCI 1x, and two washes with fresh dHzO... Some time was required for the work up as there was a little emulsion from the use of the base wash and then with the first water wash. The JOC ref suggested using an alumina column to remove the catalyst (could be a better way to go). 

Let us consider now the case of a specific ionic polysaccharide. The unique properties of complexes of the cationic chitosan with non-ionic sorbitan esters provides an interesting example. Grant and co-workers (2006) have established that mixtures of chitosan and surfactant form emulsion-like solutions and/or creams, where the surfactant component is present as droplets or micelle-like particles and the chitosan solution acts as the system s continuous phase. It was established that the length and the degree of saturation of the surfactant hydrocarbon chain have a significant impact on the development of the chitosan-surfactant complexes. Moreover, an optimal distance between the chitosan s protonated amine groups is required for effective interactions to occur between the polysaccharide and the sorbitan esters. 

Vinyl fluoride imdergoes free-radical polymerization.The first polymerization involved heating a saturated solution of VF in toluene at 67° C under 600 MPa for 16 hr. A wide variety of initiators and polymerization conditions have been explored. Examples of bulk and solution polymerizations exist however, aqueous suspension or emulsion method is generally preferred. Copolymers of VF and a wide variety of other monomers have been prepared. More recently, interpolymers of VF have been reported with tetrafluoroethylene and other highly fluorinated monomers, such as hexafluoropropylene, perfluorobuty-lethylene, and perfluoroethylvinylether. 

Emulsions of very small droplets of liquid sulfur or of sulfur-rich compounds (e.g., polythionates) in water are called sulfur sols . Such mixtures can be prepared by a variety of methods. Hydrophobic sulfur sols are obtained on dilution of saturated solutions of elemental sulfur in organic solvents like ethanol or acetone with a large excess of water. These preparations are usually called Weimarn sols honoring the principal author who first re-... 

The extracts are pooled. Wash once with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. This washing is absolutely necessary (the book says it can be skipped - DON T ). The problem with it (and this is the other nuisance of this process) is that a scum and emulsion develop from the wash neutralizing the acidic nature of the extraction. The easiest way to deal with is to vac-filter the mess. Your rid yourself of the scum and breakup the emulsion into a fairly easy to separate liquid. One washing with sodium bicarbonate is sufficient, then wash once with a saturated solution of sodium chloride, then once with fresh H20. Now the extract is dried with sodium sulfate. Your are ready for vacuum distillation. The DCM extraction should be golden to dark brown in color. 

The earliest reported polymerization of vinyl fluoride involved heating a saturated solution of VF in toluene at 67°C at 600 MPa for a period of 16 hours. In another study, benzoyl peroxide was the polymerization initiator. A polymer was produced with a density of 1.39 g/cm which could be dissolved in hot dimethylformamide, chlorobenzene, and other polar solvents. A great many initiators and vinyl fluoride polymerization conditions have been studied. Examples ofbulk f ] and solution[ ][ F[i04] pp lymerizations have been reported. Aqueous suspension or emulsion techniques have been generally preferable over other methods.Vinyl fluoride volatility required the use of moderately high pressures during the polymerization. Photopolymerization of VF, aided by a free-radical initiator, has also been accom-... 

Because the monomer concentration [M] in the aqueous phase is constant (saturated solution) and practically there is no influence on its concentration in micelles, the rate of emulsion polymerization depends only on the number of grains of produced pol5mier. However, the number of grains of polymer depends on emulsifier used and on initiator concentrations. Greater is the number of free radicals of initiator greater is the number of primary spores of polymerization. 

To 2 ml. of the ester in a test-tube add slightly more than the same volume of a cold saturated aqueous copper acetate solution. The blue colour of the latter turns immediately to a pale green. Now shake the tube vigorously in order to produce an emulsion of the ester in the aqueous layer. Scratch the sides of the tube with a rod, and shake vigorously as before. Crystallisation may be delayed for about 5 minutes, but, when once started, rapidly gives a copious precipitate... 

In a 250 ml. conical flask mix a solution of 14 g. of sodium hydroxide in 40 ml. of water and 21 g. (20 ml.) of pure benzaldehyde (Section IV,115). Add 15 g. of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in small portions, and shake the mixture continually (mechanical stirring may be employed with advantage). Some heat is developed and the benzaldehyde eventually disappears. Upon coohiig, a crystalline mass of the sodium derivative separates out. Add sufficient water to form a clear solution, and pass carbon dioxide into the solution until saturated. A colourless emulsion of the a or syn-aldoxime separates. Extract the oxime with ether, dry the extract over anhydrous magnesium or sodium sulphate, and remove the ether on a water bath. Distil the residue under diminished pressure (Fig. 11,20, 1). Collect the pure syn-benzaldoxime (a-benzald-oxime) at 122-124°/12 mm. this gradually solidifies on cooling in ice and melts at 35°. The yield is 12 g. 

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