Emissions fuel blends

Plant operators should aim at using fuel with less than 0.5% sulfur (or an emissions level corresponding to 0.5% sulfur in fuel). High-sulfur fuels should be directed to units equipped with SO, controls. Fuel blending is another option. A sulfur recovery system that achieves at least 97% (but preferably... 

There has been a recent revival in interest in the use of ethanol-diesel fuel blends (E-diesel) in heavy-duty vehicles as a means to reduce petroleum dependency, increase renewable fuels use, and reduce vehicle emissions [27]. E-diesel blends containing 10-15% ethanol could be prepared via the use of additives. However, several fuel properties that are essential to the proper operation of a diesel engine are affected by the addition of ethanol to diesel fuel - in particular, blend stability, viscosity and lubricity, energy content and cetane number (increasing concentrations of ethanol in diesel lower the cetane number proportionately) [28]. Materials compatibility and corrosiveness are also important factors that need to be considered. 

Machacon, H.T.C., Matsumoto, Y, Ohkawara, C., Shiga, S., Karasawa, T., Nakamura, H. 2001. The effect of coconut oil and diesel fuel blends on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions. JSAE Rev 22 349-355. 

Diesel-water emulsions are being studied extensively worldwide because of the impact these fuels have on reducing engine exhaust emissions, especially NOx and particulates. Although formulations vary, a typical diesel-water emulsion will contain approximately 80% to 90% diesel fuel, 10% to 15% water, and 1% to 5% of an emulsification additive mixture. The resulting fuel blend is transparent in appearance and has the typical appearance of diesel fuel. 

Table 8. Comparison of average emissions resulting from combustion of various fuel blends in stoker boilers... 

Levendis, Y. A., Atal, A., Courtemanche, B. Carlson, J. B. 19986. Burning characteristics and gaseous/solid emissions of blends of pulverized coal with waste tire-derived fuel. Combustion Science and Technology, 131, 147-185. 

The use of EDS/DF-2 fuel blends in utility diesels provides an acceptable alternative of conventional petroleum-based fuel operation. A blend ratio of approximately 66.7 percent EDS and 33.3 percent DF-2 can be used without engine knocking at an AMT of 110° F. At an AMT of 150° F this ratio can be extended to 75 percent EDS. The major impact of the use of EDS blends appears to be an increase in the particulate emissions rate. 

The results of the exhaust stack measurements of gaseous emissions indicate that the use of EDS/DF-2 fuel blends under engine load conditions resulted in a moderate increase in CO emissions (25%) and a moderate decrease in THC emissions (26-31%) when compared to baseline (0%) tests. The EDS/DF-2 fuel blends all showed substantial increases in both CO and THC emissions at the no-load condition. 

Guidance on Estimating Motor Vehicle Emission Reduction from the Use of Alternative Fuels and Fuel Blends, U.S.E.PA., Report No. 1APA-AA-TSS-PA-87-4, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1998. 

The objectives of this work were (a) to investigate the operation of an industrial scale boiler during co-combustion of waste wood and lignite of low quality, (b) to determine the CO, SO2, NO, PCDD/F and heavy metal emissions, (c) to compare them with emissions from co-combustion with uncontaminated wood, and (d) to correlate gas emissions with the fuel blend properties. 

CO emission was maintained at similar levels during the combustion of the different fuel blends. The increase of the lignite percentage in the fuel blend (b) up to 40 (%wt) did not seriously influence the CO emission (Figure 2), while the unbumt fuel content was decrease in the same test case (Figure 3). This could be attributed... 

Figure 7.64 shows the variation in relative measured NOx emissions resulting from different concentrations (volume basis) of H2 in a fuel blend composed with a balance of TNG for each of the six different fuel gas tips... 

As shown in Table 6, Grimmer (10) in West Germany found that increasing aromatics from 0 to 48 vol % produced a 4.8-fold increase in BaP emissions. For intermediate fuel blends varying in aromatic content from 26 to 42 vol a more likely range of commercial fuels, a 2.1-fold increase in BaP emissions occurred. A similar finding occurred based on total PNA emissions. 

Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Giakoumis EG, Dimaratos AM, Kyritsis DC. (2010). Effects of butanol-diesel fuel blends on the performance and emissions of a high-speed DI diesel engine. Energy Com Manag, 51, 1989-1997. 

Figure 3.21 Computations in a Pt-coated catalytic microreactor with length and height of 10 mm and 1 mm, respectively. (A) Ignition (t g) and steady-state (f t) times versus inlet pressure. Triangles ignition times circles steady-state times. Solid lines 90% CI-14/10% H2 fuel blend ( =0.37). Dashed lines 100% CH4 fuel ( =0.40). (B) Cumulative emissions of unburned methane. Adapted from Karagiannidis and Mantzaras (2012) (with permission).

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