Emergent canopies

Return to equation (6.5) and consider the magnitude of the Reynolds stress. Because the length-scale of turbulent eddies within the canopy is small compared to the water depth, turbulent stresses tend to be unimportant within an emergent canopy. From numerical experiments, Burke and Stolzenbach, 1983 [93] estimate turbulent eddy scales 1-3% of the water depth, and turbulent stresses just 2% of the drag for aH = 0.1. Observations in model emergent canopies indicate similar ratios [463], Of... 

After the fire, the pump (and others) was relocated in the open air, under a canopy, so that small leaks would be dispersed by natural ventilation. It was surrounded by a steam curtain to disperse larger leaks. This would not have been necessary if the pump could have been located more than 150 m from sources of ignition. Gas detectors were installed to give early warning of any leaks. Emergency isolation valves (Section 7.2.1) were provided so that the pumps could be isolated safely from a distance [9]. What happened when another leak occurred is described in Section 7.2.1 (d). 

Industrial-type Hazards—-with the objective of identifying hazard sources in electrical, mechanical, illumination, and non-emergency communication fields. Developments have included (a) advanced remote surveillance and communication systems, (hi portable-area illumination systems. Ic) trolley-phone wireless systems, and (d) protective canopies for use on underground low-coal machines. 

US, although, the study of the emergency escape began as early as 1940, it was not until 1947 that the first ejection seat catapult was standardized. It was designated "MI Personnel Catapult". This was followed by design and development / "Ml and M2 canopy removers" or simply removers. All of these devices were mechanically iniated. As this method of initation was not very satisfactory, an initiationutilizing a ptoplnt gas pressure source was developed in 1949 at Frankford Arsn, Philadelphia, Pa. At the same time the catapult was redesigned to incorporate the new "initiator ... 

Fredrickson EF, Estell RE, Remmenga MD (2007) Volatile compounds on the leaf surface of intact and regrowth tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC) canopies. J Chem Ecol 33 1867-1875 Kessler A, Baldwin IT (2002) Plant responses to insect herbivory The emerging molecular analysis. Ann Rev Plant Biol 53 299-328... 

The white-handed titi (C. torquatus) and the dusky titi (C. moloch) occupy the same forested region of the upper Amazon. The dusky titi lives along rivers and in wet forests, while the white-handed titi lives on higher ground. The white-handed titi likes heights so much that it sleeps on the branches of the tall emergent trees that stand above the high canopy of the rain forest, several hundred feet above the forest floor. 

Perry D.R., 1978. A method of access into the crowns of emergent and canopy trees, Biotropica lOt 155-157. 

Eulerian grid box or Lagrangian particle tracking methods using turbulence models (not suitable for real time emergency response computation), above canopy. Input from obstacle or continuum scale data (for local sources). Upwind data for distant sources. 

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