Embryonic and fetal development

Cosby NC, Dukelow WR. 1992. Toxicology of maternally ingested trichloroethylene (TCE) on embryonal and fetal development in mice and of TCE metabolites on in vitro fertilization. Fundam Appl Toxicol 19 268-274. 

Schwetz BA, Leong KJ, Gehring PJ. 1975. The effect of maternally inhaled trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, methylchloroform, and methylene chloride on embryonal and fetal development in mice and rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 32 84-96. 

Saillenfait AM, Bonnet P, de Ceaurriz J. 1989. Effects of inhalation exposure to carbon disulfide and its combination with hydrogen sulfide on embryonal and fetal development in rats. Toxicol Lett 48 57-66. 

McClain RM, Becker BA. 1972. Effects of organolead compounds on rat embryonic and fetal development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 21 265-274. 

Schwetz BA, Keeler PA, Gehring PJ The effect of purified and commercial grade pentachlorophenol on rat embryonal and fetal development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 28 151-161, 1974... 

The objectives of a teratology study (see Note 2) are to evaluate the effects of the test item on embryonic and fetal development when administered during the period of organogenesis, i.e., from uterine implantation to the closure of the hard palate (see Note 3)... 

Embryonic and fetal development of long-tailed macaques (cynomolgus monkeys)... 

CS167 Cozens, D. D., R. Clark, A. K. Palmer, N. Hardy, G. G. Nahas and D. J. Harvey. The effect of a crude marihuana extract on embryonic and fetal development of the rabbit. Adv Biosci Marihuana Biological Effects 1978 22 469-477. 

Lanoue, L., M.W. Taubeneck, J. Muniz, L.A. Hanna, P.L. Strong, F.J. Murray, RH. Nielsen, C.D. Hunt, and C.L. Keen. 1998. Assessing the effects of low boron diets on embryonic and fetal development in rodents using in vitro and in vivo model systems. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 66 271-298. 

Schmid BP, Honegger P, Kucera P (1993) Embryonic and fetal development Fundamental research. Reprod Toxicol, 7(Suppl 1) 155-164. 

Schwetz, B.A., K.J. Leong, and P.J. Qehring, "Effect of Maternally Inhaled Trichloroethylene, Perchloroethylene, Methyl Chloroform and Methylene Chloride on Embryonal and Fetal Development in Mice and Rats," Toxicol. AppI. Pharmacol.. 32. 84-96 (1975). 

Wide M. 1984. Effect of short-term exposure to five industrial metals on the embryonic and fetal development of the mouse. Environ Res 33 47-53. 

Heavy metals are routinely used in various manufacturing processes and are contained within many products commonly used by humans. Acts of terrorism have the potential to increase the environmental exposure of humans and animals to heavy metals by targeting industrial complexes and sewage treatment facilities. Because a number of heavy metals have the potential to affect different stages of reproductive function by different mechanisms of action, the adverse effects of metals on male and female reproduction and embryonic and fetal development will be discussed separately. 

Studies on fertility and early embryonic development (study 1) pre- and postnatal development of the offspring and maternal functions (study 2) cind embryonic and fetal development (study 3) are the 3 study designs that represent the most probably option. 

Investigations using these mice have shown that inactivation of certain connexin genes leads to the death of the embryo or fetus before birth. When other connexin genes are knocked out, embryonic and fetal development occur normally but, shortly after birth, the mice die because of defects in the organs in which the knocked-out connexins should have been expressed. Finally, when yet other connexin genes are knocked out, the mice survive to adulthood but then develop diseases such as peripheral neuropathy, liver cancer, and cataracts. 

Saillenfait et al. (1989) assessed the effects of maternal formaldehyde inhalation on embryonic and fetal development in Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of 25 mated females were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm formaldehyde on gestation days 6-20. The dams were weighed on gestation days 0, 6, and 21. All dams survived the experiment. On gestation day 21, the dams were sacrificed and their uteri were... 

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