Elimination oxide

In broad terms, the following types of reactions are mediated by the homolytic fission products of water (formally, hydrogen, and hydroxyl radicals), and by molecular oxygen including its excited states—hydrolysis, elimination, oxidation, reduction, and cyclization. 

Cope Elimination oxidize 3° amine to tertiary ammonium oxide (R N -< V I. heat produces RHC=CH2... 

PdCl2-promoted stoichiometric dichlorocarbonylation of acetylene (Eq. 20) is the first example of oxidative carbonylation of an alkyne that appeared in the literature [69,70], and presumably occurs through the mechanism shown in Scheme 13, involving addition of PdC to the triple bond followed by CO insertion, reductive elimination, oxidative addition to the C - Cl bond, further CO insertion and reductive elimination (Scheme 13, path a). 

The reductive elimination/oxidative addition is of practical importance in catalytic cycles, for example the rhodium/methyl iodide catalysed carbonylation of methanol. In organic synthesis the palladium or nickel catalysed cross-coupling presents a very common example involving oxidative addition and reductive elimination. A simplified scheme is shown in Figure 2.19 [17],... 

Abrasion to abrade the surface to eliminate oxides, etc. by mechanical means such as brushing, sanding, blasting, sandpapering. .. 

Chemical pickling chemicals are used to eliminate oxides without etching the bulk material. 

Chemical etching chemicals are used to eliminate oxides, to attack the surface layer of the material and/or to create reactive sites. The processes depend on the plastics. 

The isolation of carbazole (1), 3-methylcarbazole (2), and several oxidized derivatives of 3-methylcarbazole from taxonomically related higher plants of the genera Glycosmis, Glausena, and Murraya (family Rutaceae) indicates that the aromatic methyl group of the biogenetic key intermediate 3-methylcarbazole can be eliminated oxidatively (5,6). Most of the carbazole alkaloids isolated from the... 

Carnosine can affect gene expression. Ikeda et al. (1999) showed that carnosine markedly upregulates vimentin synthesis in cultured rat fibroblasts, while an association between carnosine and vimentin, a cytoskele-tal, intermediate filament protein has been noted in glial cells and neurons (Bonfanti et al., 1999). Interestingly, it has also been shown that the protease, oxidized protein hydrolase (OPH), is coexpressed with vimentin in COS cells (Shimizu et al., 2004). Thus, it is at least possible that carnosine could induce synthesis of OPH in the cultured human fibroblasts and thereby increase the cellular ability to eliminate oxidized... 

The unique features of this work, as in Volume I, are that each chapter deals with the preparation of a given functional group by various reaction types (condensation, elimination, oxidation, reduction) and a variety of starting materials. In many cases the available data are summarized in tables to make them more useful to the reader. The literature has been checked up to 1970 and each chapter abounds with references. 

Typical phase transfer catalysis in liquid-liquid systems combines processes in which Na+ or K+ salts of inorganic and organic anions derived from strong adds (phenolates, thiolates, carboxylates, etc.) are continuously transferred from aqueous (often alkaline) solutions to the organic phase by the phase transfer catalysts. Applications include nucleophilic substitution, addition, elimination, oxidation, and reduction reactions. 

All reactions belonging to this class involve an inner-sphere atom-transfer oxidation-reduction path. These reactions are generalized in Scheme 23. Path ii results in a net reduction to platinum(H) complexes, whereas pathways iii, iv and v represent net formal substitutions at platinum(IV). Each of these pathways can be regarded as an oxidative addition to the platinum(II) complex formed in step i. The combination of step i with iii, iv or v is therefore known as a reductive elimination oxidative addition (REOA) reaction. 

Solid HjPMo o reduced by H2 at a lower temperature shows a very weak ESR signal intensity of Mo5 +, probably because most of the Mo5+ ions are not detectable due to the rapid hopping of electrons. Heat treatment, which eliminates oxide ions from the heteropoly anion, leads to development of the Mo5 + signal, indicating the localization of electrons (101, 102). Early reports of ESR spectra of reduced PMo C o are likely due to these species. Several different species are observed in highly reduced samples. 

Aryl-A3-iodane oxidation of amines to imines also involves a combination of ligand exchange and successive reductive -elimination. Oxidation of pyrrolidine with iodosylbenzene 18 affords quantitatively an equilibrium mixture of 1-pyrroline and its trimer [72]. When oxidation of piperidine with 18 (2 equiv) was carried out in water, 2-piperidone was produced [73]. In the latter reaction, a sequence of ligand exchange and reductive -elimination was repeated two times [Eq. (38)]. 

Simple transformations (hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate group to a hydroxy group, elimination, oxidation, etc.) convert geranyl pyrophosphate to monoterpenes such as geraniol, myrcene, and citronellal. 

Animals. Rapidly and extensively metabolized and eliminated. Oxidized by rat liver microsomes via sulfur and carbon oxidations and via oxidative de-esterification... 

The preparation and interconversion of two isomeric iridium(III) trihydrides, fac- and mer-[Ir(H)3(CO)(PPh3)2] (180), have been studied. Under a hydrogen atmosphere, both isomers undergo spontaneous interconversion to a dynamic equilibrium. The kinetic data obtained from the interconversion and H2 displacement from both isomers by PPh3 suggest that the interconversion process occurs via a reversible reductive elimination-oxidation sequence. Both processes are believed to involve the intermediate species [Ir(H)(CO)(PPh3)2] (181). It has further been postulated that the interconversion process proceeds by slow unimolecular loss of H2 (reductive elimination), followed by a rapid readdition of H2 to the coordinatively unsaturated intermediate species (181), as depicted in Scheme 21.423... 

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