Electrostatic precipitators schematic

Fig. 6-11. Schematic diagram of the kraft pulping process (6). 1, digester 2, blow tank 3, blow heat recovery 4, washers 5, screens 6, dryers 7, oxidation tower 8, foam tank 9, multiple effect evaporator 10, direct evaporator 11, recovery furnace 12, electrostatic precipitator 13, dissolver, 14, causticizer 15, mud filter 16, lime khn 17, slaker 18, sewer.

FIG. 17-75 Schematic circuits for silicon rectifier sets with saturable reactor control, (a) Full-wave silicon rectifier, (b) Half-wave silicon rectifier. (White, Industrial Electrostatic Precipitation, Addisorv-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1963.)... 

Modem coal combustion employs two principal techniques combustion in a fluidized bed or pulverization, followed by combustion of fine particles suspended in moving air. Figure 1 shows a schematic of pulverized coal combustion, a process much used in steam-raising plants. Each process produces a characteristic residue fluidized bed combustion gives rise mainly to a clinker-like or granular product, whereas pulverization, followed by combustion, produces mainly a much finer, micrometre-sized ash residue. Pulverization also yields a coarser fraction, the so called bottom ash , which is periodically removed without difficulty. However, the finer fly ash has to be recovered by filtration and electrostatic precipitation. Commercially, fly ash has... 

Figure 13.2 Schematic of wire and tube type of electrostatic precipitator.

Fig. 4.3. Schematic of dry rod and plate electrostatic precipitator (after Oglesby and Nichols, 1978). The rods have sharp horizontal protrusions (nails) which promote corona formation. Dusty gas flows between the plates and around the rods. A large electrical potential (60 000 V) is applied between the rods and plates. This negatively charges the dust particles - causing them to approach and adhere to the positive collection plates. The dust is gathered by periodically rapping the plates, causing sheets of dust to fall into dust bins below, Fig. 4.4. Table 4.2 gives industrial precipitation data.

Figure 13 Schematic of an electrostatic precipitator. (With permission of TSI, Inc.)...

The EBDS process is shown schematically in Fig. 12.3, An electrostatic precipitator is used to remove flya,sh from the flue gases before they pass to the treatment system to prevent contamination of the fertilizer byproduct. The flue gas is then cooled from about 200°C to 60-80°C in a water spray cooler, and ammonia is added. The conditioned flue gas enters the irradiation chamber (reactor), where high-energy electrons generate hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HOi) radical-s by collision with the water molecules. These radicals play the major role in the formation of sulfuric and nitric acid,s that react with ammonia to form the sulfate and nitrate. 

Figure 3.4.23 Schematic of a plate-type electrostatic precipitator.

Fig. 4 Schematic representation of the techniques used for making stained beads (a) staining during polymerization (b) staining via covalent or electrostatic coupling of an indicator to the beads surface (c) staining via swelling (d) preparation of dye-doped beads via precipitation (e) spray-drying (f), grinding...

Figure I. Schematic representation of possibie arsenic sorption complexes on mineral surfaces (Modifiedfrom Brown, 1990). Outer-sphere (physisorbed) complexes, in which As is fully coordinated by water molecules, are bound to the mineral surface by weak electrostatic forces. Inner-sphere (chemisorbed) complexes are characterized by the formation of one or more chemical bonds between the sorbing As oxoanion and the mineral surface. Surface precipitation refers to the formation of a new phase on the mineral surface. Reprinted with permission.

Fig. 35. Schematic representation of formation of cohesive precipitate . Shown (left) is the emulsion with electrostatically stabilized polymer microparticles with extended surface bound sodium alginate chains. Shown (right) is the cohesive precipitate containing destabilized microparticles with collapsed surfactant and with some (assumed) ionotropic bridging chains...

We exemplify here the precipitation behavior of DNA with the addition of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) [36]. This is a surfactant with a relatively short alkyl chain, which allows for a rather fast equilibration of the samples also this surfactant forms a micellar solution up to relatively high surfactant concentrations [37]. Figure 10.5a shows a schematic representation of the ternary phase diagram. As expected, the aqueous mixture of DNA and cationic surfactant phase separates associatively into one dilute phase and one phase concentrated in both polyelectrolyte and surfactant, a precipitate. The electrostatic interactions... 

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