Electrostatic interaction contact

In some cases, e.g., the Hg/NaF q interface, Q is charge dependent but concentration independent. Then it is said that there is no specific ionic adsorption. In order to interpret the charge dependence of Q a standard explanation consists in assuming that Q is related to the existence of a solvent monolayer in contact with the wall [16]. From a theoretical point of view this monolayer is postulated as a subsystem coupled with the metal and the solution via electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions. The specific shape of Q versus a results from the competition between these interactions and the interactions between solvent molecules in the mono-layer. This description of the electrical double layer has been revisited by... 

In view of the importance of the particle/bubble contact, it may be assumed that the stress acting on the particles during gas sparging is determined by electrostatic interactions as well as by hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, which are determined by the nature of the liquid/solid system. The use of Pluronic as additive leads to the reduction of destruction process [44,47] possibly due to less bubble/floc contact which is also described by Meier et. al. [67]. 

The exchange term represents the electrostatic interaction between the charge clouds. The transfer in fact occurs via overlap of the electron clouds and requires physical contact between D and A. The interaction is short range because the electron density falls off approximately exponentially outside the boundaries of the molecules. For two electrons separated by a distance in the pair D-A, the space part of the exchange interaction can be written as... 

One can define as outer-sphere electrode processes those in which the electron transfer between the electrode and the active site occurs through the layer of solvent directly in contact with the electrode surface. The electrode and electroactive species are, therefore, separated such that the chemical interaction between them can be considered practically nil (obviously, apart from their electrostatic interaction), see Figure 1. 

To answer this question, information obtained from studies of irreversible systems needs to be examined. Irreversible protein processes may occur as a result of intermolecular interactions (i.e., aggregation, chemical modification, intermolecular cross-linking). Although an attempt is generally made to search for conditions that provide maximal reversibility, perhaps by altering the solution conditions (i.e., pH, salt content, lowering the protein concentration) that minimize contact and electrostatic interactions, many systems can still exhibit little or no reversibility. This would be the case for the core protein obtained by limited... 

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