Electrospray ionization charge state distribution

Grandori, R. Origin of the conformation dependence of protein charge-state distributions in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. I. Mass Spectrom. 2003,38, 11-15. 

A. T. Iavarone, J. C. Jurchen, and E. R. Williams. Effects of Solvent on the Maximum Charge State and Charge State Distribution of Protein Ions Produced by Electrospray Ionization. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 11(2000) 976-985. 

Electrospray ionization is classihed as a soft ionization technique. It produces molecular-weight information and very little, if any, fragmentation of the analyte ion, unless induced in the vacuum region of the mass analyzer. The number of charges accumulated by an analyte ion is proportional to its number of basic or acidic sites. The spray polarity and conditions, solution pH and nature, as well as solute concentration will all effect the charge state distribution observed in the mass spectrum. Multiple charging of an analyte ion en-... 

G Wang, RB Cole. Mechanistic interpretation of the dependence of charge state distributions on analyte concentrations in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 67 2892—2900, 1995. 

Field desorption (FD) and fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry provides mass spectral information about compotmds that are not very volatile but these two techniques are not used often in polymer science since they have several disadvantages. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry can also be used to obtain the above information about polymers, but ESI spectra are generally complicated due to differences in charge state distributions. Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (static SIMS) is a surface-sensitive MS technique, which is suitable for studying the interfaces of polymers with respect to chemical structure and molecular weight as well as end groups and surface contaminants. Laser desorption... 

Fisher, C.M., Kharlamova, A., McLuckey, S.A. (2014) Affecting Protein Charge State Distributions in Nano-electrospray Ionization via In-spray Solution Mixing Using Theta Capillaries. Anal. Chem. 86 4581-4588. 

Kmsemark, C.J. Frey, B.L. Belshaw, P.J. Smith, L.M. Modifying the Charge State Distribution of Proteins in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry by Chemical Derivatization. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2009,20, 1617-1625. 

In Part IV of the book, analytical and practical issues of electrospray and MALDI are confronted. Chapter 13 presents an analytical comparison between electrospray and MALDI, with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization thrown in for good measure. An investigation into the factors that influence charge state distributions in electrospray and MALDI appears in Chapter 14. Next comes a detailed overview of the utility of electrospray and MALDI for investigating noncovalent interactions that are preserved as gas-phase ions (Chapter 15). Attention then turns to discussion of the various ion activation techniques that are used to provoke dissociation of the typically stable intact precursors generated by electrospray and MALDI in preparation for tandem mass spectrometry experiments (Chapter 16). Chapter 17 presents a primer on interpretation of mass spectra specifically targeting decompositions of the even-electron ions produced by soft ionization techniques. 

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