Nano-electrospray ionization

Qi, L. and Danielson, N.D. 2005. Quantitative determination of pharmaceuticals using nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry after reversed phase mini-solid phase extraction. J. Pharm. 

M. Karas, U. Bahr, and T. Dulcks. Nano-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Addressing Analytical Problems beyond Routine. Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem., 366(2000) 669-676. 

Cuyckens, F. et al., Structure characterization of flavonoid 0-diglycosides by positive and negative nano-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry, J. Mass Spectrom., 36, 1203, 2001. 

M. Sawada et al., Depression of the apparent chiral recognition ability obtained in the host-guest complexation systems by electrospray and nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 10, 27-37 (2004)... 

In Table 5.1, a number of different conditions are presented for the separation and quantitation of anthocyanins. For simple profiles, the gradient profile is not critical as separations can be achieved relatively easy (Table 5.1 Methods 1-3). However, for samples such as blueberry and Concord grape, which contain complex mixtures with 15 or more anthocyanins or with several acylated anthocyanins, the gradient needed to get resolution can be more complex (Table 5.1 Method 4). Wine samples also fall into this category. Desorption nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been used to solve some of the resolution and identification issues (Table 5.1 Method 5). However, issues related to quantitation have not been dealt with in this method. 

Hartmanova, L. Ranc, V. Papouskova, B. Bednar, P. Havlicek, V. Lemr, K. 2010. Fast profiling of anthocyanins in wine by desorption nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 1217 4223 228. 

Brtigger B, Erben G, Sandhoff R, Wieland FT, Lehmann WD. Quantitative analysis of biological membrane lipids at the low picomole level by nano electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997 94 2339-2344. 

Budimir N, Weston DJ, Creaser CS et al. (2007) Analysis of pharmaceutical formulations using atmospheric pressure ion mobdity spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography and nano-electrospray ionization. Analyst. 132 34-40. 

BramweU, C.J. Colgrave, M.L. Creaser, C.S. Dennis, R., Development and evalnation of a nano-electrospray ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry, Analyst 2002, 127,1467-1470. 

Fisher, C.M., Kharlamova, A., McLuckey, S.A. (2014) Affecting Protein Charge State Distributions in Nano-electrospray Ionization via In-spray Solution Mixing Using Theta Capillaries. Anal. Chem. 86 4581-4588. 

Cubrilovic, D., Barylyuk, K., Hofmann, D Walczak, M.J., Graber, M., Berg, T, Wider, G., Zenobi, R. (2014) Direct Monitoring of Protein-Protein Inhibition Using Nano Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chem. Sci. 5 2794-2803. 

In 2008, easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS), originally named desorption sonic spray ionization (DeSSI), was coupled with TLC [69], later with HPTLC [70]. An acidic mixture of methanol and water was sprayed at a maximum flow rate of 15 pL/min coaxial with the supersonic nebulizing gas set at 30 bar. The spray beam of the homemade easy ambient sonic-spray ionization (EASI) source was mounted on the supplied nano-electrospray ionization (nano-ESI) source and directed in a 30-degree angle onto the plate. Without any voltage or heating, just the impact of a high velocity spray served to extract and desorb analytes from the TLC surface and softly ionize them. 

Chang C-J, Lin J-H, Chang K-C, Lai M-J, Rohini R, Hu A. Diagnosis of B-Lactam resistance in Acinetobacter baumamii using shotgun proteomics and LC-Nano-Electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2013 85 2802-8. 

Siegel MW, Fite WL. Terminal ions in weak atmospheric plasmas. Applications of atmospheric pressure ionization to trace impurity analysis in gases. J Phys Chem. 1976 80 2871-81. Sunner J, Ikonomou MG, Kebarle P. Sensitivity enhancements obtained at high temperatures in atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 1988 60 1308-13. Thomson BA. Micro and nano-electrospray ionization techniques. In Gross M, Caprioli R, editors. Encyclopedia of mass spectrometry Vol6. Ionization methods. Oxford Elsevier, 2007. pp. 435 4. 

Sandhoff, R, HepbildMer, ST, Jennemann, R, Geyer, R, Giesehnann, V, Proia, RL, Wiegandt, H and Grdne, HI (2002) Kidney sulfatides in mouse models of inherited glycosphingolipid disorders. Determination by nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem, 277, 20386-20398. 

Aleksandrow ML, Gall LN, Krasnov NV, Nikolaev VI, Shkurow VA. Mass spec-trometric analysis of thermally unstable compounds of low volatility by extraction of ions from solution at atmospheric pressure. J Anal Chem USSR 1985 40 1227-1236. Cuyckens F, Rozenberg R, de Hoffman E, Clacys M. Structure characterization of flavonoid 0-diglycosides by positive and negative nano-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2001 36(11) 1203-1210. 

The advantage of nano-electrospray ionization (nano-ESI) over ESI at the flow rate of microliter per minute has been well recognized, including enhanced ionization efficiency, stabling ion current, reduced ion suppression, and utilizing a small amount of samples [34-37]. Therefore, a nano-ESI source has been largely available from the majority of commercially available mass spectrometers. A nano-ESI apparatus for automated sample delivery and infusion is described in Section 3.2.1 in detail. Overall, the term ESI in this book covers all types of electrospray techniques including nano-ESI. 

Karas, M., Bahr, U. and Dulcks, T. (2000) Nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry Addressing analytical problems beyond routine. Eresenius J. Anal. Chem. 366, 669-676. 

Robbe, C. Capon, C. Coddeville, B. Michalski, J. C. Diagnostic ions for the rapid analysis by nano-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry of O-glycans from human mucins. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2004, 18, 412 20. 

Guo, M. Huang, B.X. Kim, H.Y. Conformational Changes in Aktl Activation Probed by Amide Hydrogen/Deuteiium Exchange and Nano-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Com-mun. Mass Spectrom. 2009, 23, 1885-1891. 

IIZ Youhnovski, N. Matecko, I. Samalik-ova, M. Grandori, R. Characterization of Cytochrome c Unfolding by Nano-Electrospray Ionization Time-of-Flight and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 77,519-524. 

---