Electronically conducting polymers electropolymerization

Polymer films can also be electropolymerized directly onto the electrode surface. For example, Abruna et al. have shown that vinylpyridine and vinyl-bipyridine complexes of various metal ions can be electropolymerized to yield polymer films on the electrode surface that contain the electroactive metal complex (see Table 13.2) [27]. The electronically conductive polymers (Table 13.2) can also be electrosynthesized from the corresponding monomer. Again, a polymer film that coats the electrode surface is obtained [25]. Electropolymerized films have also been obtained from styrenic, phenolic, and vinyl monomers. 

Inclusion of the electroactive species as counter-ion during the electropolymerization of the monomer. Another way to prepare noble metal modified electron-conducting polymers is to incorporate into the film a noble metal complex (e.g., [PtCle] ) as a counter-ion during the electropolymerization process. Then reduction or electroreduction of the metallic salt gives the corresponding metal particles. This procedure usually gives not very active Pt particles, maybe because the... 

Figure 8.10. Example of N-functionalized electropolymerizable pyrrole units leading to pre-doped electronically conducting polymers used for post-electropolymerization incro-poration of pophyrin derivatives.

Heinze, J., Electronically conducting polymers, in Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol 152, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1990, pp. 1-47. A review focusing on electropolymerization and electronic properties of conducting polymers. 

Bilayer and trilayer actuators Characterizations of Electrochemical cell Experimental procedure Materials Conducting polymers (CPs) Liquid electrolyte Open air Cyclic voltammetry Dibutyltin dilaurate Electronic conducting polymers (ECPs) Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) Polypyrrole (PPY) Actuation mechanism of Electrogeneration of Electropolymerization of pyrrole monomer Oxidation and reduction reaction of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membrane Force characterizations IPNs Load curves and metrics PVDF membrane Strain characterizations... 

This section aims to show the application of voltammetric techniques in the production of CMEs through electropolymerization, producing electronic conductive polymers and hybrid materials. 

Lewis acid-induced polymerization is also a relatively convenient means to obtain conducting polymers. As with anodic electropolymerizations, monomers are oxidized by an external source, but in this instance electron transfer occurs from the monomer or growing chain to the chemical oxidant. Of the various Lewis acids that are readily available, FeCl3 has become the most popular choice given its effectiveness and low cost. Scheme 7 shows a typical polymerization where the resulting polymer is obtained in its conducting state with FeCl4" dopant ions. 

Aizawa has studied an enzyme (metal) electrode based on immobilized GOD, which is a redox enzyme [66]. Interfacing in this type of biosensor requires facilitation of electron transfer from the active site of the enzyme protein to the metal electrode. Various methods have been used, such as electron mediators, electron promoters, and molecular wires, to accomplish this purpose. For example, a conducting polymer, polypyrrole, formed by electropolymerization on the electrode surface, was used to form electron wires which can facilitate electron transfers to and from the metal electrode. 

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