Electron, Proton, and Heavy Ion Bombardments

Inner electron shell vacancies can be produced by electron, proton, and heavy ion bombardments. When the vacancies are filled with electrons, characteristic X-ray emissions occur. Kiss et al. observed the K /K, X-ray intensity change due to chemical environments by bombarding various targets of titanium, chromium, and manganese with electrons. The magnitude of the chemical effect is about 6% for titanium (TiO —Ti), for measurements performed using a Si(Li) detector. 

Recently, Izawa et al. studied the chemical effect of the L /L. X-ray intensity ratio of molybdenum compounds by electron and proton bombardment. The X-ray spectra were measured with a curved crystal spectrometer (Johansson type, ADP crystal). and are representative of variable and invariable peaks, respectively. 

Similar experiments performed on niobium ccnnpounds by electron bombardment showed analogous trends to those of molybdenum compounds. 

Energy dependence of the intensity ratio of SiO for proton impact was 

When beryllium is bomlmrded with protons, electron vacancies of different types are created and filled with electrons of outer shells. For metallic beryllium and beryllium oxide, generated X-rays differ somewhat in energy and in satellite line formation. The results obtained by 02awa et al. for these targets are shown in Fig. 6. Satellite lines are clearly observed in the BeO spectrum, whereas the Be spectrum is rather 

---