Radiation-electromagnetic ionizing

High temperatures, electromagnetic radiation, ionizing radiation, or highly reactive chemical initiators often generate active centers. 

The sample should be liquid or in solution. It is pumped and nebulized in an argon atmosphere, then sent through a plasma torch that is, in an environment where the material is strongly ionized resulting from the electromagnetic radiation produced by an induction coil. Refer to the schematic diagram in Figure 2.8. 

Mass spectrometry is not based on absorption of electromagnetic radiation, but monitors what happens when a substance is ionized by collision with a high-energy electron. 

UV radiation is a part of the spectmm of electromagnetic radiations. It adjoins the short wave range of the visible light and extends up to the ionizing radiations. 

Radiation, Ionizing—Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage through matter (see Radiation). 

The method by which incident radiation interacts with the medium to cause ionization may be direct or indirect. Electromagnetic radiations (x rays and gamma photons) are indirectly ionizing that is, they give up their energy in various interactions with cellular molecules, and the energy is then utilized to produce a... 

In LEIS, which is conceptually quite similar to PES, the sample is irradiated with a monochromatic electromagnetic radiation (e.g., a laser). Thus, it is possible to excite electrons from the sample to energy levels approaching or even surpassing the ionization barrier [94], The difference between LEIS and RIS is the mechanism... 

The plasma is maintained at a temperature of 10 000° C by an external radio frequency current, as described in Section 3.3. At this temperature, many molecular species are broken down, and approximately 50% of the atoms are ionized. So far this is identical to ICP-OES, but for ICP-MS we are not interested in the emission of electromagnetic radiation, but rather in the creation of positive ions. To transfer a representative sample of this plasma ion population to the mass spectrometer, there is a special interface between the plasma and the mass spectrometer. This consists of two sequential cones... 

Radioactive sources and particle accelerators are used to initiate polymerizations. Electrons, neutrons, and a-particles (He2+) are particulate radiations, while gamma and X rays are electromagnetic radiations. The interactions of these radiations with matter are complex [Chapiro, 1962 Wilson, 1974]. The chemical effects of the different types of radiation are qualitatively the same, although there are quantitative differences. Molecular excitation may occur with the subsequent formation of radicals in the same manner as in photolysis, but ionization of a compound C by ejection of an electron is more probable because of the higher... 

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