Electromagnetic radiation, effects

Ballistics and Short-Interval Physics (Ger), Rept No BMVG-FBWT-73-15, AD912703 (1973) W) H. Trinks, High Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Effects During Detonations , Rept No FSTC-HT-23-93-75, Army Foreign Sci Techny Center, Charlottesville (1975) X) T. Yabe ... 

The absorptivity and molar absorptivity give, in effect, the probability that the analyte will absorb a photon of given energy. As a result, values for both a and 8 depend on the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. 

As in chemical sensitization, spectral sensitization is usually done after precipitation but before coating, and usually is achieved by adsorbing certain organic dyes to the silver haUde surfaces (47,48,212—229). Once the dye molecule is adsorbed to the crystal surface, the effects of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by the dye can be transferred to the crystal. As a result of this transfer, mobile electrons are produced in the conduction band of the silver haUde grain. Once in the conduction band, the electrons are available to initiate latent-image formation. 

Whilst the causative agent(s) have not been established it is thought to be multifunctional and possibilities include physical factors (humidity, temperature, lighting), static electricity, electromagnetic radiation, air ion concentrations, fungi, noise, psychological stress, and chemicals. Chemicals which are not those involved in the normal work processes can become trapped within the building, albeit at concentrations below those known to cause ill-health effects, if ... 

Electronic absorption spectra are produced when electromagnetic radiation promotes the ions from their ground state to excited states. For the lanthanides the most common of such transitions involve excited states which are either components of the ground term or else belong to excited terms which arise from the same 4f" configuration as the ground term. In either case the transitions therefore involve only a redistribution of electrons within the 4f orbitals (i.e. f—>f transitions) and so are orbitally forbidden just like d—>d transitions. In the case of the latter the rule is partially relaxed by a mechanism which depends on the effect of the crystal field in distorting the symmetry of the metal ion. However, it has already been pointed out that crystal field effects are very much smaller in the case of ions and they... 

Studies of black-body radiation led to Planck s hypothesis of the quantization of electromagnetic radiation. The photoelectric effect provides evidence of the particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation. 

You can appreciate why scientists were puzzled The results of some experiments (the photoelectric effect) compelled them to the view that electromagnetic radiation is particlelike. The results of other experiments (diffraction) compelled them equally firmly to the view that electromagnetic radiation is wavelike. Thus we are brought to the heart of modern physics. Experiments oblige us to accept the wave-particle duality of electromagnetic radiation, in which the concepts of waves and particles blend together. In the wave model, the intensity of the radiation is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the wave. In the particle model, intensity is proportional to the number of photons present at each instant. 

Example H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2 HCl(g). photoelectric effect The emission of electrons from the surface of a metal when electromagnetic radiation strikes it. 

Photoelectric effect The effect produced when electromagnetic radiation knocks electrons out of a metal. Einstein used this phenomenon to show that light was quantized and came in energy packets called photons. 

To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein (1905) postulated that light, or electromagnetic radiation, consists of a beam of particles, each of which travels at the same velocity c (the speed of light), where c has the value... 

Tlie problem of particular interest in physics and chemistry is concerned with the interaction of electromagnetic radiation, and light in particular, with matter. The electric field of the radiation can directly perturb an atomic or molecular system. Then, as in the Stark effect, the energy of interaction - the perturbation - is given by... 

X-rays Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging between 10"10 and lO cm. X-rays diffraction A physical method for determining the structure of crystalline solids by exposing the solids to X-rays and then studying the varying intensity of the difracted rays due to interference effects. 

SC-52 Conceptual Basis of Calculations of Dose Distributions SC-53 Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation... 

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