Electromagnet Doppler effect

Interruptions of photoelectric beams, activity wheels, changes in electromagnetic fields, Doppler effects video image analysis, telemetry... 

Doppler Effect (or Principle) and Its Application for Military Purposes. The Doppler (or more correctly Doppler) effect, first observed by C.J. D oppler of Prague in 1842, involves the apparent change in the frequency of light, sound, or electromagnetic waves observed while the source and the observation point are in motion relative to each other. The effect is commonly ob-... 

Figure 21-15 The Doppler effect. A molecule moving (a) toward the radiation source feels the electromagnetic field oscillate more often than one moving (to) away from the source.

Absorption of electromagnetic radiation by monatomic gases leads either to production of atoms in excited states or, if the wavelength is short enough, to ionization. Absorption lines have widths which depend on the following factors1 (a) the temperature, i.e. there will be a Doppler effect which will broaden the line if the absorbing atoms are in motion (b) an intrinsic factor dependent on the nature of the electronic state and on the extent of perturbations by other states ... 

THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION, Charles Her-ach Papas. Graduate-level study discusses the Maxwell field equations, radiation from wire antennas, the Doppler effect and more, xiii + 244pp. 5b x 8b. 

The Doppler effect plays a major role in spectroscopic resolution, in both beam and nonbeam experiments. The sonic form of the Doppler shift, when a moving vehicle emits a sound heard by the stationary observer, is familiar to everyone. The electromagnetic radiation equivalent can be expressed in a very simple form. If a molecular source is moving with a velocity v relative to a receiver, and is emitting radiation of frequency v, the observed frequency / is given by... 

Locomotor activity can be quantified in rodents by a variety of means, interruptions of photoelectric beams, activity wheels, changes in electromagnetic fields, Doppler effects, video-image analysis, telemetry (Reiter and McPhail 1979). As has been suggested above, it is not very important how locomotion is measured because the main outcome measure is whether a test substance increases or decreases spontaneous locomotion. 

Eq.(l) shows velocity distibution of gas in a gas laser resonator. Two propagating wave components in the opposite directions to each other of a standing electromagnetic wave interact with atoms with a velocity, v, in eq,(2) due to Doppler effect. In a gas laser resonating with a single frequency, v, downward induced transition increases for atoms with the velocities of eq.(3). This is called Lamb dip. 

That is, in the non-relativistic afqrroximation. The Doppler effect, with the change of the electromagnetic wave frequency due to the motion (even uniform) of the emitting object, is seen in the experiment The effect is of the relativistic character i.e.. it vanishes if we assume the infinite velocity of light. 

Another technique for measuring velocity is the use of the Doppler effect - both of ultrasonic and electromagnetic radiation. In these applications there is a balance between obtaining a reflection from the particles and penetration into the particle stream. Due to the short wavelengths associated with Laser Doppler techniques the velocity measurement is localised however the penetration, in all but low-density applications, is limited. 

Microwave sensors are based on radiation and reception of electromagnetic radiation In the GHz range. Because of the Doppler effect, the frequency of the reflected wave will differ from that of the emitted wave In relation to the speed of the object reflecting the radiation. The reflected wave Is compared with the Initial emitted wave. 

Tunable diode laser spectroscopy has been employed in order to observe the Zeeman effect in the i.r. absorption of molecules with no electromagnetic moment, due to differences between the excited- and ground-state g-factors. Doppler-limited resolution was obtained for and CHjDI in the region 820—... 

At plant start up in the 4S, the system temperature is raised to 350°C by heat input from the electromagnetic pump before raising the reflector. This procedure greatly reduces the reactivity temperature swing. The reactivity to be inserted to increase the power is about 86 6, which causes the following reactivity effects thermal expansion of the fuel, structure, coolant, core support grid and doppler reactivity. Because metallic fuel is employed in the 4S, the reactivity is small compared with the 1500 for MOX (Mixed Oxide) fuel, mainly due to its small Doppler coefflcient. 

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