Electrogenic

ATP hydrolysis occurs on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane (Figure 10.8), and the net movement of one positive charge outward per cycle makes the sodium pump electrogenic in nature. 

Neurotransmitter transport can be electrogenic if it results in the net translocation of electrical charge (e.g. if more cations than anions are transferred into the cell interior). Moreover, some transporters may direction-ally conduct ions in a manner akin to ligand-gated ion channels this ion flux is not coupled to substrate transport and requires a separate permeation pathway associated with the transporter molecule. In the case of the monoamine transporters (DAT, NET, SERT) the sodium current triggered by amphetamine, a monoamine and psychostimulant (see Fig. 4) is considered responsible for a high internal sodium concentration... 

Figure 19. (1) Oxidized polypyrrole (PPy) film electrogenented on a steel electrode. (2) A tape was fastened to the dry polypyrrole film (A). B is doublesided tape and C is a protective sheet of paper. (3) The bilayer device with a protective film is removed from the electrode. (4) The protective sheet is peeled off and the bilayer is ready to work. (Reprinted from Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules ami Polymers, H.S. Nalwa, ed.,Vol. 4,1997, Figs. 10.13, 10.15a, 10.18, 10.36. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley Sons, Ltd., Chichester. UK.)...

Recently it was demonstrated that a platinum black-PTFE electrode, originally designed for a fuel cell, is excellent for the chlorination of double bonds and, depending on the other electrolysis conditions, it was possible to isolate the dichlorocompound or the chlorohydrin (Danger and Yurchak, 1970). Moreover, if a chlorine cathode is used, the overall process occurs with a net output of energy, i.e. the cell may do external work and the procedure has been named electrogenerative chlorination . 

Electrogenic antiport, ADP uptake favored by the membrane potential can also mediate electroneutral exchange of ADPout for... 

Electrogenic antiport, can only operate in the direction of aspartate efflux as import of H is a requirement for the malate/aspartate shuttle... 

Modulation of electrogenic Na/Ca exchange current by oxygen radical generating systems in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 24 (Suppl V), S28. 

A relationship correlating the weak acid uncouplers activity with their A %-, pAi°, and has been presented on the basis of protonophoric theory of uncoupling activity, in which the concentration of anionic ionophore (A ) within a biomembrane is supposed to be controlled by the ionic partition of A at the biomembrane solution interface according to Eq. (28) [19]. The biomembrane solution interface could be polarized or electrogenic [37]. Experimental results on the activities of uncouplers on rat liver mitochondria [30] have been explained reasonably [19,24]. 

Eldefrawi, A.R. and Eldefrawi, M.E.. Phencyclidine interactions with the ionic channel of the acetylcholine receptor and electrogenic membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77 1224-1228,... 

The influence of these phenolic acids on electrical potentials may reflect effects on either the diffusion potential or the electrogenic potential of plant root cells. Influence on the electrogenic component could result from inhibition of ATPases which generate the electrogenic component or from reductions in the substrate (ATP) for the ATPases. 

From the point of view of the stoichiometry of the transported ions during active transport, the electroneutral pump, where there is no net charge transfer or change in the membrane potential, must be distinguished from the electrogenic pump connected with charge transfer. 

The difference in the hydrogen ion electrochemical potential, formed in bacteria similarly as in mitochondria, can be used not only for synthesis of ATP but also for the electrogenic (connected with net charge transfer) symport of sugars and amino acids, for the electroneutral symport of some anions and for the sodium ion/hydrogen ion antiport, which, for example, maintains a low Na+ activity in the cells of the bacterium Escherichia coli. 

RJ Alpern. (1985). Mechanism of basolateralmembrane II -OH /IICOL transport in the rat proximal convoluted tubule. A sodium-coupled electrogenic process. J Gen Physiol 86 613-636. 

Kanai, Y., et al. Electrogenic properties of the epithelial and neuronal high affinity glutamate transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270, 16561-16568. 

Busch, A. E., et al. Electrogenic properties and substrate specificity of the polyspecific rat cation transporter rOCTl. /. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 32599-32604. 

Meyer-Wentrup F, Karbach U, Gor-boulev V, Arndt P, Koepsell H. Membrane localization of the electrogenic cation transporter rOCTl in rat liver. Bio-chem Biophys Res Commun 1998 248(3) 673-678. 

---