Electrodes, bismuth graphite

Owing to the toxicity of mercury and its disposal problem, solid electrodes are now very popular. In particular, electrodes made of carbon such as glassy carbon, graphite, carbon paste, and carbon fibers have gained popularity. Mercury, gold, bismuth, and other metals can be deposited as thin metal films on carbon and serves as thin metal film electrodes (TMFE) with excellent analytical advantages in trace metal analysis. The choice of working electrode is determined by the redox... 

STRIPPING ANALYSIS WITH GRAPHITE-EPOXY ELECTRODES MODIFIED WITH BISMUTH NITRATE... 

In order to decrease the overpotential for cysteine oxidation in cysteine-containing peptides, graphite-epoxy resin or carbon paste electrodes with immobilized cobalt phthalocyanine have been employed in HPLC systems [53,87-89]. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with a mixed-valence ruthenium(I V,III) oxide film stabilized by cyano cross-links [61,62], indium ferricyanide [63], or a Prussian blue film [64], and a bismuth(V)-doped lead dioxide Pb02 film on gold [65] have also been used for detection following HPLC separation. In addition, a carbon fiber modified with a nfixed-valence ruthenium(IV,III) oxide film stabilized by cyano cross-links has been used in CE [46]. 

Mercury was the dominant electrode material for current-based measurements in the first half of the twentieth century, which has eventually changed during its second half ending up in some kind of mercuryphobia. Nevertheless, other materials came to the fore as a consequence, such as graphite, glassy carbon, gold plus some other precious metals, and newly also bismuth. 

II) and lead(II) using an in-situ bismuth film modified edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode. Anal Sci 23 283-289... 

Kirgbz UA, Marin S, Pumera M, Merkofi A, Alegret S (2005) Stripping voltammetry with bismuth modified graphite-epoxy composite electrodes. Electroanalysis 17 881-886... 

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