Electrode fabrication, copper oxide

There are many methods of fabricating the electrodes for these cell systems. The eadiest commercially successhil developments used nickel hydroxide [12054-48-7] Ni(OH)2, positive electrodes. These electrodes are commonly called nickel electrodes, disregarding the actual chemical composition. Alkaline cells using the copper oxide—2inc couple preceeded nickel batteries but the CuO system never functioned well as a secondary battery. It was, however, commercially available for many years as a primary battery (see BatterieS-PRIMARY cells). 

The 64k, 80 pm x 80pm sized tilting mirrors are built on the top of a CMOS-based control ASIC. In order to reduce the topography of the underlying metallization/passivation structures, a 2.5pm-thick PECVD oxide film is first deposited on the ASIC. An ILD oxide CMP step based on Klebosol 30N50 colloidal silica slurry is used for planarization. In order to connect the ASIC with the deflection electrodes above (see Fig. 14.10), vias have to be etched into the planarized dielectric film. Then, a copper metal stack including a TaN barrier has to be deposited and a two-step Cu damascene CMP process has to be performed. As this process is equivalent to Cu damascene in microelectronics fabrication, standard Cu CMP slurries can be used. 

Special studies with ring-disk electrodes showed that only metals with relatively positive deposition potentials silver and mercury [53, 494] and also probably copper can be cathodically deposited on HTSC substrates without partial reduction of the oxide surface. HTSC-silver composites are fabricated by multistage techniques that include an electrodeposition stage [498, 499]. It has been noted during deposition of silver and copper that their incorporation into the BSCCO lattice is possible (0.01 and 0.4 atom per molecule, respectively) with the formation of substituted phases [495]. 

Recently, a novel graphene-copper nanoparticle composite was prepared by the in situ chemical reduction of a mixture containing graphene oxides and copper(II) ions using potassium borohydride as a reductant. It was mixed with paraffin oil and packed into one end of the fused capillary to fabricate microdisk electrodes for sensing carbohydrates [14]. The results indicated that copper nanoparticles with an average diameter of 20.8 nm were successfully deposited on the graphenes to form a well-interconnected hybrid network. 

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