Electrochemistry indirect methods

The preparative aspects of organic electrochemistry are presented in the fundamental review by Lund and Baizer.4 An earlier review5 includes the technical aspects of electroorganic synthesis. Indirect methods in preparative organic electrochemistry also have been summarized 6 these methods are used in the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Electroenzymatic synthesis also has been reviewed.7... 

Alkaline earths (mainly Be, Mg, Ca) and alkaline metals (Li, Na, K) seem to be of somewhat marginal topic with respect to their environmental monitoring and compared to, for example, clinical and pharmaceutical analysis. Electrochemistry of these otherwise abundant elements is scanty and framed by a few potentially applicable or, occasionally, by some indirect methods with ampero-... 

Other important alternate electrochemical methods under study for pCO rely on measuring current associated with the direct reduction of CO. The electrochemistry of COj in both aqueous and non-aqueous media has been documented for some time 27-29) interferences from more easily reduced species such as O2 as well as many commonly used inhalation anesthetics have made the direct amperometric approach difficult to implement. One recently described attempt to circumvent some of these interference problems employs a two cathode configuration in which one electrode is used to scrub the sample of O by exhaustive reduction prior to COj amperometry at the second electrode. The response time and sensitivity of the approach may prove to be adequate for blood ps applications, but the issue of interfering anesthetics must be addressed more thorou ly in order to make the technique a truly viable alternative to the presently used indirect potentiometric electrode. 

SCRE Single Crystal Radio-Electrochemistry IRT Indirect Radiotracer Technique SERT Secondary Effect Radiochemical Technique CRT Common Radiotracer Technique (Foil Method.)... 

Many enzymes use redox centers to store and transfer electrons during catalysis. These redox centers can be composed of metals such as iron or cobalt, or organic cofactors such as quinones, amino acid radicals, or flavins. In order to fully appreciate the catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes, it is often necessary to determine the free energy required to reduce or oxidize their protein redox centers. This is called the redox potential. The measurement of enzyme redox potentials can be performed by either direct or indirect electrochemical methods. The type of electrochemistry suitable for a particular protein system is simply dictated by the accessibility of its redox center to the electrode surface. Because most reactions catalyzed by enzymes occur within hydrophobic pockets of the protein, the redox sites are often far from the surface of the protein. Unless an electron transfer path exists from the protein surface to the redox center, it is not feasible to use direct electrochemistry to measure the redox potential. Since only a few enzymes (most notably certain heme-containing enzymes) have such electron transferring paths and... 

This process is an indirect ammonia synthesis. There are three steps including formation of dinitrogen complex, protonation and eduction of ammonia. This method requires complete destruction of complex, otherwise, the N-N bond cannot be disbanded and an effective synthetic cycle for ammonia cannot be realized. The effective way to solve this problem is to supply extra electron by chemistry or electrochemistry in order to realize controllable break of N-N bond and a synthetic recycle from nitrogen to ammonia. ... 

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