Organic electrochemistry indirect methods

The preparative aspects of organic electrochemistry are presented in the fundamental review by Lund and Baizer.4 An earlier review5 includes the technical aspects of electroorganic synthesis. Indirect methods in preparative organic electrochemistry also have been summarized 6 these methods are used in the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Electroenzymatic synthesis also has been reviewed.7... 

Many enzymes use redox centers to store and transfer electrons during catalysis. These redox centers can be composed of metals such as iron or cobalt, or organic cofactors such as quinones, amino acid radicals, or flavins. In order to fully appreciate the catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes, it is often necessary to determine the free energy required to reduce or oxidize their protein redox centers. This is called the redox potential. The measurement of enzyme redox potentials can be performed by either direct or indirect electrochemical methods. The type of electrochemistry suitable for a particular protein system is simply dictated by the accessibility of its redox center to the electrode surface. Because most reactions catalyzed by enzymes occur within hydrophobic pockets of the protein, the redox sites are often far from the surface of the protein. Unless an electron transfer path exists from the protein surface to the redox center, it is not feasible to use direct electrochemistry to measure the redox potential. Since only a few enzymes (most notably certain heme-containing enzymes) have such electron transferring paths and... 

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