Electrochemistry differential pulse voltammetry

Fig. 5 (a) Electrochemistry of Cgo fullerene, cyclic voltammetry (top) and differential pulse voltammetry (bottom) (Reprinted with permission from [54]). (b) Schematic representation of HOMO and LUMO orbitals after addition of six electrons (red arrows) to the fullerene... 

Potentiodynamictechniques— are all those techniques in which a time-dependent -> potential is applied to an - electrode and the current response is measured. They form the largest and most important group of techniques used for fundamental electrochemical studies (see -> electrochemistry), -> corrosion studies, and in -> electroanalysis, -+ battery research, etc. See also the following special potentiodynamic techniques - AC voltammetry, - DC voltammetry, -> cyclic voltammetry, - linear scan voltammetry, -> polarography, -> pulse voltammetry, - reverse pulse voltammetry, -> differential pulse voltammetry, -> potentiodynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Jaradaic rectification voltammetry, - square-wave voltammetry. 

Yeh and Kuwana " were the first to report on the electrochemistry of cytochrome c at doped metal oxide semiconductor electrodes. A nearly reversible electrode reaction was indicated by the cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry of cytochrome c at tin-doped indium oxide electrodes. Except for the calculated diffusion coefficient, all of the characteristics of the electrochemistry of cytochrome c at this electrode indicated that the electrode reaction was well-behaved. A value of 0.5 x 10" cmVs was determined for the diffusion coefficient which, like previously determined values at mercury, is lower than the value obtained by nonelectrochemical methods (i.e., 1.1 X 10 cm /s " " ). The electrochemical response of cytochrome c at tin oxide semiconductor electrodes was reported to be quasi-reversible, although no details were given. " ... 

Pulse voltammetric techniques, most used in electrochemistry, are normal pulse voltammetry (NPV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). In square wave voltammetry (SWV), there may be a non-faradaic contribution to the individual currents but the current sampling strategy essentially eliminates this through subtraction, as will be seen in Sect. 2.2.4.3. SWV was pioneered by Barker [1] in the 1950s, but due to instrumentation development only 40 years... 

G.C. Visor, S.E. Jackson, R.A. Kenley and G.C. Lee, Electrochemistry of purine derivatives. 1 Direct determination for the antiviral drug 9-[(l,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine by anodic differential pulse voltammetry, J. Pharm. Sci., 1985, 74, 1078-1081. 

Extensive studies have been carried out to derive the voltammetric response of the different types of assisted ion transfer for different techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. This part of electrochemistry at soft interfaces has found many applications, mainly for the determination of complexation constants for liquid extraction [4], and these are of interest not only for nuclear reprocessing but also for the development of amperometric ion-selective electrodes [5]. 

Carbon paste electrodes have acquired greater importance in the field of electrochemistry due to their low residual current and noise and because they are very economic and easy to prepare and replace. These electrodes have a wide range of anodic and cathodic applications. Electrode surface modification is a field of great importance in the modem electrochemistry especially due to the various applications. Some electrochemical techniques, such as differential pulse polarography, stripping voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry have been widely applied for the determination of pharmaceuticals. 

Determined by direct electrochemistry at a glassy carbon electrode (cyclic, differential pulse, or square-wave voltammetry). 

Electrochemistry voltammetry, anodic stripping (ASV), cathodic stripping (CSV), polarography, differential pulse polarography (DPP), ion selective electrode (ISE)... 

Cushman MR, Bennet BG, Anderson CW (1981) Electrochemistry at carbon fibers Part 1. Characteristics of the merciuy film carbon fiber electrode in differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Anal Chim Acta 130 323-327... 

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