Electrochemical Synthesis and Surface Film Formation

Oxypolymerization can also be performed by anodic oxidation. In this case the product of the synthesis is a surface film of conducting polymers. 

Dimer formation by the loss of two protons (stabilization step). 

Trimer formation by reaction of dimer and radical cation. 

The process continues with oxidation, coupling, and deprotonation steps until the final polymer chain length is reached. 

The complex nature of the electrode surface has a large influence on all these steps. Some examples are 

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