Electrochemical gating

S.B. Cronin, R. Barnett, M. Tinkham, S.G. Chou, O. Rabin, M.S. Dresselhaus, A.K. Swan, M.S. Unlu, and B.B. Goldberg, Electrochemical gating of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes observed by electron transport measurements and resonant Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2052—2054 (2004). 

Xiao X, Nagahara LA, Rawlett AM, Tao N (2005) Electrochemical gate-controlled conductance of single oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s. J Am Chem Soc 127 9235-9240... 

Li C, Mishchenko A, Li Z, Pobelov I, Wandlowski T, Li XQ, Wurthner F, Bagrets A, Evers F (2008) Electrochemical gate-controlled electron transport of redox-active single perylene bisimide molecular junctions. J Phys Condens Matter 20 374122... 

Davis JJ, Peters B, Xi W (2008) Force modulation and electrochemical gating of conductance in a cytochrome. J Phys Condens Matter 20 374123... 

Electrochemically Gate-Controlled Conductance of 4,4 - Bipyridine Single-Molecule Junctions. 158... 

Electrochemically Gate-Controlled Charge Transport in Redox-Active Molecular... 

Recently, this method has been modified to accommodate also an electrochemical gate [68] in the experimental setup - a situation that resembles a three-terminal device. This setup was used to study the electronic transmission properties of... 

Albrecht, T., Mertens, S.F.L., and Ulstrup, J. (2007) Intrinsic multistate switching of gold clusters through electrochemical gating. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129, 9162-9167. 

Figure 26.6 Model of geometric gate capacitances for (a) back-gated and (b) electrochemically gated SWCNT-FETs. In the case of back-gating, the geometric capacitance is determined by the capacitance of the Si02 dielectric. During electrochemical gating the electro-...

Figure 26.9 Electrochemical gating of SWCNT-FETs covered with two different solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). The SPEs were spotted from solution on top of the FET surface and heated at 60 °C for an hour. Conductance of the same individual s-SWCNT (F(js = 0.1 V) with two different SPEs is plotted as a function of the voltage at the polymer-electrolyte-gate (Fpec)- An adjacent microfabricated AuPd electrode ( 200 pm distance) on the substrate was...

Kalbac, M., Kavan, L., Farhat, H., Kong, J., and Dresselhaus, M.S. (2009) A large variety of behaviors for the Raman G mode of single wall carbon nanotubes upon electrochemical gating arising from different (n,m) of individual nanotubes./. Phys. Chem. C, 113(5), 1751-1757. 

Redox Potential Dependence of Conductivity Using Electrochemical Gating Approach... 

Electrochemical gating analysis to measure the conductivity as a function of redox potential [83] offers another approach to evaluate the possibility of conduction through G. sulfurreducens biofilms via c-type cytochromes. When conduction is via cytochromes or other redox carriers, there should be a maximum when the surface potential is near the formal potential for the redox process [29, 30, 81, 82, 84]. This reflects the equal density of reduced and oxidized species at the formal potential, which allows maximum possibility for electron exchange. When the film is poised at a potential that is much more positive or negative than the formal potential, the conduction is poor due to an overwhelming majority of the reduced (electron-loaded) or oxidized (hole-loaded) redox carriers. For example, electrochemical gating on redox-active metalloproteins exhibited a conductance peak, whereas nonredox controls did not show any peak in conductance [85]. 

Electrochemical gating with an electrolyte-gated, field-effect transistor geometry revealed that the biofilm conductivity does not peak at the formal potential (Fig. 7.5), including at the formal potential of -0.350 V versus Ag/AgCl for the biofilms of DL-1 strain observed in this (Fig. 7.4a) and previous studies [55, 86]. There was no... 

For electrochemical gating using four-probe, gate voltage was applied between reference electrode and one of the outer electrode [45] and conductance was measured as described in the method section about conductivity measurements. For electrochemical gating using a potentiostat, Solartron 1287... 

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of Immobilized Biomolecules, Fig. 2 (continued) in an electrochemical cell. (Counter electrode is not shown here for clarity.) In this configuration, the electrochemical gate voltage (Vg) shifts the molecular energy levels up and down relative to the Fermi energy levels of the source... 

While the measurement of diffusimi coefficient requires some type of small perturbation methods, the electrOTi conductivity drives d.c. transport and can be measured in steady state conditions, for example by electrochemical gating [163, 164]. The electron conductivity can be given in terms of the total number of carriers and the mobility as [49]... 

Vanmaekeibergh D, Houtepen AJ, Kelly JJ (2007) Electrochemical gating a method to tune and monitor the (opto)eiectronic properties of functional materials. Electrochim Acta 53 1140-1149... 

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